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Copernicus reinvented this theory and challanged Church doctrine.
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Galileo uses a telescope for astronomcial purposes, and makes the discovery of the Milky Way Galaxy, four Jovian moons and the moons craters.
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Christain Huygens discovers Saturn's Rings and Titan, the fourth satelite of Saturn.
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Cassini discovers that Saturn's rings are split into two parts, so today they are called the "Cassini Division"
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The discovery of Uranus by Herschel
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Piazzi discovers the first asteriod "Ceres"
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Johann Galle observes and discovers Neptune. His observations were prompted by mathematical calculations by French astronomer Joseph Leverrier and English astronomer John Couch Adams.
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The beginning of spectral analysis of stars by Sir William Huggins
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Hubble shows that galaxies exist outside the Milky Way galaxy.
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Clyde Tombaugh discovers Pluto.