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Copernicus published the first geometric proof of the heliocentric theory.
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Brahe spent 25 years studying the night sky, finding over 300 astronomical objects. This became the first accurate astronomy database.
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Kepler became Brahe's assistant at Uraniborg Observatory in 1600
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Galileo was the first to use the telescope for astronomical observations. He observed sun spots, craters on the moon, and the for main moons of Jupiter orbiting.
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Kepler's first law stated that the orbits of planets are elipses, with the sun at one focus. His second law stated that a line connecting a planet to the sun will sweep out equal time as the planet travels in its orbit.
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Kepler's Third Law stated that the squares of the orbital period of a planet are propoortional to the cubes of the average orbital distance for any two objects oribiting the same body.
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In 1687, Isaac Newton developed the Theory of Universal Gravitation. This theory states that any two bodies in the universe attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
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Einstein developed the Theory of General Relativity. This theory explained how and why gravity works the way it does.
