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Created geocentric model of the universe (Ptolemaic System). This was the accepted model of the universe for a VERY long time.
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Azophi was the first to observe the Andromeda galaxy from Earth.
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Copernicus created the first heliocentric model of the universe. This model was not accepted for a VERY long time.
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Galileo discovered four of Jupiter's primary moons and the rings surrounding Saturn. He also improved upon the optical telescope, allowing it to be further magnified.
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Kepler created three laws: The Law of Orbits, The Law of Areas, and The Law of Periods. These describe the movement of the planets across the sky. They also describe the movements of planets as elliptical rather than circular.
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Discovered Saturn's biggest moon Titan. He also created a theory on light nature.
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Cassini discovered 4 moons surrounding Saturn and more rings. He also discovered how long Jupiter's rotation took and how long Mar's rotation took.
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Newton discovered what gravity was. He also created his three laws of the motion of forces.
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Halley noticed a reoccurrence of a comet in the sky. He saw that there was a pattern involved in the years it had been spotted. He soon made the conclusion that this was in fact the same comet, Halley's comet.
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In his lifetime, Messier discovered at least 13 comets. He also created a database called Nebulae that contains the names and descriptions of objects in the sky.
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Einstein discovered that the speed of light is constant. He also created the theory of spacial relativity.
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Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding, known as Hubble's law. He also created a classification system that astronomers still use today.
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Sagan observed the high temperature of Venus' surface and the seasonal changes that occur on Mars.
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Hawking came up with a theory that if the universe began with the Big Bang Theory it must end at some point, possibly with black holes. He also discovered that black holes emit radiation, known as Hawking radiation.
