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Pass laws were enacted for the purpose of ensuring a reliable supply of cheap, docile African labor for the gold and diamond mines
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Great Britain gave South Africa independence
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Races segregated
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mandated residential segregation throughout the country; large-scale removals of Africans, Indians, and Coloureds were carried out
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government enacts an even more rigid law that required all African males over the age of 16 to carry a “reference book” containing personal information and employment history
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Defiance Campaign - 1952–1954 | women’s protest in Pretoria - 1956 | burning of passes at the police station in Sharpeville - 1960
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Created the Bantustans; abolished indirect representation of blacks in Pretoria and divided Africans into ten ethnically discrete groups
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apartheid government forcibly moves 3.5 million black South Africans in one of the largest mass removals of people in modern history
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Sentenced to life for bombing government targets after peacefully standing up against apartheid
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declared all Africans were citizens of “homelands,” rather than of South Africa itself
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Africans found in violation of past laws were stripped of citizenship and deported to poverty-stricken rural “homelands”
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Transkei, Venda, Bophuthatswana, and Ciskei declared “independent” by Pretoria; 8 million Africans lose citizenship ; not recognized by other countries
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lasts four days; Africans resisted being moved from Crossroads to the new government-run Khayelitsha township farther away
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increasingly expensive and ineffective; led to more than 17 million arrests before being repealed
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South African citizenship restored to people who were born outside the four “independent” homelands
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President deKlerk pardons Nelson Mandela; he becomes ANC president and negotiates the end of apartheid
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Elected first black president of South Africa; served one term then retired from politics
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homelands reabsorbed into South Africa
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