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A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium, thereby transferring the ink. -
The Fall of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. The city was captured on 29 May 1453 as part of the culmination of a 55-day siege which had begun on 6 April. -
The Tudor dynasty reigned in England from 1485 to 1603, beginning with Henry VII and ending with Elizabeth I. This period was marked by significant events, including the end of the Wars of the Roses, the English Reformation, the start of England's overseas exploration, and the rise of the English Renaissance. The dynasty's five monarchs were Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. -
Alhambra Decree - edict issued in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella, that ordered the expulsion of practicing Jews from the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon
Reconquista - fall of al-Andalus was a series of military and cultural campaigns by European Christian kingdoms against Muslim-ruled al-Andalus, which had previously been part of the Christian Visigothic realm before the Muslim Conquest of 711 -
. He worked on the commission, which Pope Julius II initiated in 1508, for four years, creating frescoes based on scenes from the Book of Genesis. He also later painted The Last Judgment on the altar wall, which was completed in 1541. -
Launches the Protestant Reformation, to challenge the Catholic Church's practice of selling "indulgences," which were said to grant forgiveness for sins -
Martin Luther was summoned to the diet in order to renounce or reaffirm his views in response to a Papal bull of Pope Leo X -
The Prince is a 16th-century political treatise written by the Italian diplomat, philosopher, and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli in the form of a realistic instruction guide for new princes. -
Anglican Church - Christian communion consisting of the autocephalous national and regional churches in full communion with the archbishop of Canterbury in England
Act of Supremacy - act of the English Parliament that declared King Henry VIII the "Supreme Head of the Church of England," officially separating the Church of England from the authority of the Pope and Rome -
Copernicus - Polish astronomer and mathematician famous for developing the heliocentric model of the solar system -
The Catholic reformation
a 16th-century ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church that served as a response to the Protestant Reformation -
Recognizes "Cuius regio, eius religion" which means "whose realm, his religion" in latin
Peace of Augsburg - a treaty that ended the religious conflict between Catholics and Lutherans within the Holy Roman Empire - a treaty that ended the religious conflict between Catholics and Lutherans within the Holy Roman Empire -
The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion -
took place during 1585–1589, and was the eighth conflict in the series of civil wars in France known as the French Wars of Religion -
Philip II of Spain vs. Elizabeth I of England
Spanish Armada - Spanish fleet that sailed from Lisbon in late May 1588, commanded by Alonso de Guzmán, Duke of Medina Sidonia, an aristocrat without previous naval experience appointed by Philip II of Spain. -
issued by King Henry IV of France in 1598, granted limited religious rights to French Protestants, officially ending the French Wars of Religion