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Led by Rosa Luxemburg
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Reduced German army to 100,000.Soliders felt they had been "stabbed in the back" by the "November criminals" (Jews, Communists etc.). Very unpopular. Influenced Hitlers ideas
Jewish signatories -
Freikorps attempt to overthrown government, fail, but shows anti semitic feelings
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Killed by two right wing nationalists
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Leads to growth in antisemitic feeling
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Shows that some Jews were unassimilated
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Organised by Hitler
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Hjalmar Schacht stabilises economy with the rentenmark
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Good public speaker, controversial + charismatic. Face of Nazi propaganda. Watered down anti semitism, appeared safe + reassuring not scaring away middle class. Influential backing.
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Jewish brothers found guilting of accessing loans from the Prussian bank
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Shows rough outline of Hitler's ideology and hatred of Jews
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Evidence of assimilation
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Shows how some Jews felt unsafe, but membership drops after this
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Small gain for NSDAP shows growth of anti-semitic feelings
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Jews feel safer in Germany, no need to return to Palestine
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Middle class and working class hit hard, growth in anti semitic feeling, need for work and food
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Nazis make gains. Propaganda exploits fears of working class, promise "work and bread", people ignore anti-semitism.Propaganda targeted specific groups
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Allowed actions to be taken against Communists (blamed for the fire). Remove political rivals
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Political prisoners such as Communists and Socialists taken first
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Gave powers to Hitler
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SA and Nazi mobs beating up individual Jews, burned down synagogues.
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Limited Jewish enrollment
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Response to American calls for boycott of German goods. SA stood in front of buisnesses. Failure, people still went into Jewish shops, called off after a day.
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Aryanism as a prerequisite for holding civil service positions. Automatically excluded Jews. President Hindernburg opposed, Jews that served or had relations that served Germany during war excluded from law
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Jewish, Communist etc. books destroyed
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Sterilisation of those with mental illness, physical deformities and chronic alcoholics. Step towards Volksgemeinschaft.
Asocials (beggars, prostitutes, eccentrics, workshy) sent to camps.
10-15,000 homosexuals arrested and sent to camps.
Religious sects (Jehovah's Witnesses) rejected to join army, sent to camps.
Gypsies, violence grew in late 30's as more gypsies came under German control. (500,000 killed) -
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Purge of SA leadership by Nazis
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Anti-Jewish actions decrease
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-Distinguished citizens and subjects
-Germans full political rights,non-Germans subjects protection, but no political rights (lost right to vote)
-Vagueness of the law allowed Jewish rights to be stripped away -
-Prohibited marriage and sexual relations between Jews and Germans
-Forbade Jews from displaying national flag
-Jews couldn't employ German females (u-45) as domestic
servants -
Defined "Jewishness":
-Full Jew, 3 Jewish grandparents or 2 Jewish grandparents + married to a Jew
-Mischlinge 2nd Degree, Regarded as Aryan did not face much discrimination
-Mischlinge 1st Degree, Allowed to attend schools and military, but faced discrimination, barred from certain proffesions -
SS control system of state security, little opposition
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Block wardens spying on Jews. Report "suspicious" behavior. Germans cut off contact with Jews. Fear of conc. camps
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14,000 Jewish buisnesses closed down, 6,000 dejewified.
Emigration pushed -
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Coordinated attacks by SA controlled by State. Jewish buisnesses and houses destroyed, some civillians joined in the violence
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-Euthanasia programme instigated by father's letter sent to Hitler about his disabled son.
-Children suffering from mental illness/physical deformities sent to hospitals- starved to death or lethal injection (5000 killed).
-Bohler and Brant extended euthanasia to adults.
-Doctors encouraged to process as many patients as possible.
-Killings with experimental carbon monoxide gas took place.
-Halted in August after Count Von Galen's sermon.
-Continued unoffically. -
-Ghettos such as Warsaw and Lodz established here
-Millions of Jews deported here and sent to ghettos
-Ghettos were constructed by the Jews
-Starvation and disease led to 550,000 dying (Volksgemeinschaft)
-Created Lebensraum
-Issues arose due to overcrowding, only temporary fix -
SS attempt to deport 1m people to General Governent.
Need for Lebensraum -
-All Jews + Jewesses in General Gov. older than ten, must wear 10cm star of david on right arm.
-Must obtain armlet themselves
-Infractions punished with imprisonment, a fine or both -
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Proposed solution to "Jewish Problem" after rapid conquest of France.
Jews would be shipped to Madagascar where they would die "natural wastage"
Idea scrapped after Britain not defeated, attentions turned east. -
Large military push into western Soviet territory
Einsatzgruppen carry out mass killings of Communist Officials, Commissars, Intelligentsia and Partizans in newly occupied territory, 1.3m killed 1941-43.
"Ethnic Cleansing"
Regular Army officers disapprove of actions -
-Brain lands on Himmler.
-Realises inefficiency of Einsatzagruppen and psychological effect.
-Development of Final Solution death camps begins. -
Mass protest against Euthanasia programme.
Copies of sermon widely distributed
Nazis halt programme offically -
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-Permanent community of 1,200 partisans.
-Performed acts of sabotage and provided refuge for Jews. -
First killing centre established. About 145,000 died there
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Attitudes in the West
-Vichy France, antisemitic legislation similar to Third Reich
-Denmark, Holland, Norway, Belgium all influence by pro-Nazi elements.
Attitudes in Germany
-War radicalised Nazi policies
-Removal and isolation of Jews from society
-Hostillity and silence from citizens
-Influence of Propaganda
Attitudes in the East
-Mass killings
-Anti semitic measures passed to please Hitler
-Ion Antonescu encouraging violence against Jews -
-High quality forgeries of £5 notes made using Jewish labour.
-Idea was to destabilise British economy.
-Never carried out, workers stalled production -
Administrative roles of Final Solution determined
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-Originally a labour camp
-500,000 Jews killed + thousands of gypsies -
-250,000 died there, mostly Jews and Soviet POW.
-Jewish revolt, 800 escape, camp closes soon after -
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-Constructed with the purpose of mass killing.
-Almost 1m murdered -
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-Became hub of death camp system,
-Massive complex of buildings, Auschwitz 2 large death camp and Auschwitz 3 huge industrial complex using Jewish slave labour -
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Around 250,000 die during these marches
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