-
Weak prognathism (almost no snout), small canine, human like foramen magnum.
North Africa.
7 - 6Ma. -
Thick enamel, proximal femur human like.
East Africa.
6Ma -
Small canines, Non sectorial P3, foward placed foramen.
East Africa.
5.8 - 4.4 Ma -
Thick enamel, expanded tibia plateau, primitive dental characteristics.
East Africa.
4.2-3.9 Ma -
Cranium: Small brain, prognathous (has a snout), large canines, u shape dental arcade, semi sectorial P3,
Post Cranium: funnel shaped rib cage, ape limb proportions, long curved phalanges, valgus knee, partial bowl shape.
Lived in woodlands and grasslands. Primitive bipedalism, climbing ability. Likely know human like speech.
Lucy.
East Africa.
3.9-2.9 Ma -
Lime stone caves, breccias makes difficult to excavate. Dated with biostratigraphy. Taung child found by Raymond Dart and Mrs. Ples.
Slightly prognathous, U shape dental arcade, slightly larger brain, human like foramen mangum, small canines, non sectoral P3
curved phalanges, ape like limb proportions, walk with flex hips. Forest/woodland, fruits and leaves.
South Africa.
3.5-2 Ma -
Cranium similar to Africanus, curved phalanges, human like limb porportions.
East Africa.
2.5 Ma. -
Small brain, human like limb proportions, human face, pelvis and dental.
South Africa.
1.97-1.78 Ma. -
Robust Australopithecines, sagittal crest in males, thick lower jaw, small incisors and canines, megadont, flaring zygomatic arches (cheek bones), wide flat face
climbing ability, bipedal, precision grip.
Gallery forest (forests form corridor along water) and Savannah. Dietary specialists: nuts and seeds.
East and South Africa.
2.7-1.5 Ma -
Larger brain, large flat face. Two different species: strong differences from hablis (larger).
East Africa.
2.1-1.79 Ma. -
Larger brains, rounded gracile cranium (softer), smaller posterier teeth
ape like limb porportions, persision grip, bipedalism.
No game hunting, some scavenging, tool maker. Possible language: broca area but short pharynx, small vertebral canal.
East and South Africa.
1.9-1.44 (2.8?) Ma. -
Thinner cranial bones, less pronounced brow ridges, small brain, long legs, short stature.
Africa and R. Georgia.
1.8-1 Ma. -
Cranium: larger brain, low forehead, occipital torus, pentalgonal head shape, Supra-orbital torus, supra-toral sulcus, sagittal keel . Post Cranium: barrel shaped rib, human limb proportions, bowl pelvis, thick cortical bone, strong muscle attachment, robust, large nasal, smaller posterior teeth, less robust mandible, taller. Africa (migrate north/south, colde decreasing temperatures), tools (Oldowan/Acheulean), fire, cave shelters, likely hunting (meat). Possible language. Africa, Asia, Europe.
-
Early: Acheulean
Late: Levallois
Cranium: Separated brow ridge, larger brains, no occipital toris, less prognathous, smaller teeth, short high round craniums
Post cranium: less robust
Big game hunters, spears, grassland and forests, caves and rock shelters, fires and hearths
Multiple Species(?): Homo antecessor, Homo rhodesiensis
Africa, Europe, Asia(?).
0.8-0.1 Ma. -
Cranium: SO torus - double arch, Mid face prognathous, occipital bun, occipital torus, oval cranium, receding foreheads, taurodont teeth, worn/shoveling front teeth, retromolar gap
Post Cranium: robust, short limbs
Fair skin, bergmens/allens rule (climate)
Mousterian, caves and shelters, hunters, Shanidar cave (care of the dead), Art and music (flute), Fire. Rather human like speach: anatomical almost modern
Europe, Middle East, Asia
Pre-classic: 0.3-0.15 Ma.
Classics: 0.15-0.027 Ma. -
Cranium: short high round, large brains, no occipital torus or bun, small flat face, small teeth and jaw, chin
Post Cranium: less robust
Microliths, more varied diet, burials, figurtive art, more elaborate shelters, language
Migrate from Africa(?)
since 0.2 Ma -
Cranium: Small brain,
Australopithecus like traits: phalanges, pelvis, rib cage, shoulder
Homo like traits: wrist, palm, legs, ankles, feet
No time frame
Not sure whether Australopithecus or Homo
South Africa -
Insular dwarfism (Short), Microcephalic (small brains), simple stone tools.
From Homo erectus or other species
Indonesia
0.75-0.17 Ma -
West Asia
0.05-0.03 Ma
