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Eratosthenes' Lifetime
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Eratosthenes was the first to make a measurement of the Earth's size. The estimate was accurate and he also created a method of finding prime numbers.
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Claudius Ptolemy's Lifetime
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Claudius Ptolemy created a star catalog and the first surviving trigonometric function table. He proposed that Earth was at the center of the universe and everything revolved around it.
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Nicolaus Copernicus' Lifetime
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Nicolaus Copernicus finished his first manuscript saying the other planets orbited the sun instead of the Earth.
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Tycho Brahe's lifetime
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Johannes Kepler's lifetime
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Tycho Brahe discovered a 'new star' that was further from our moon.
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Kepler published a book called Astronomia Nova with two laws that he created; Planets move in ellipses and the Sun is the focus and the radius vector describes the time and area equally.
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Kepler discovered his third law that stated periodic times are to squares as the mean of distances are to cubes.
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Sir Isaac Newton's Lifetime
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Isaac Newton discovered the laws of gravity and motion which are now the basic principles of physics. He also invented calculus.
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Albert Einstein's Lifetime.
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Albert Einstein created a new concept called Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity, changing physics with its idea of mechanics of objects approaching the speed of light.