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The first Presidential Election introduced the ideas that would permeate all future elections, like how the Electoral College worked. This resulted in general George Washington winning the presidency in an electoral landslide
Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. "United States presidential election of 1789," accessed May 30, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1789. -
Served from April 3rd 1789 to March 4th 1797 as an independent canidate -
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The Bill of Rights is the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution listing the basic rights of all American citizens. It was written on September 25th 1789, but technically ratified later, on December 15th, 1891.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. "Bill of Rights," accessed May 30, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bill-of-Rights-United-States-Constitution. -
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The Hamilton Financial Plan (Hamiltonian Economic Program), made by the eponymous Hamilton, was an economic vision that intended to create a national bank and new taxes.
Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, “Hamilton’s Report on the Subject of Manufactures (1791),” accessed May 30, 2025, https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/hamiltons-report-subject-manufactures-1791. -
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The Whiskey Rebellion was protest against Whiskey Taxes that occurred in Western Pennsylvania. After the United States had quelled the protests, it asserted the Federal Government as a force that could defend itself, and, as such, justify itself.
"About the Rebellion." 1794 The Whiskey Rebellion. Accessed May 30, 2025. https://www.1794thewhiskeyrebellion.com/about-the-rebellion/. -
🟦 The Second Great Awakening was a social movement to spread the Protestant word throughout the U.S. in the early 1800s. The movement greatly increased the number of Methodists and Baptists, and cemented Protestantism as the major religion of America. Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Second Great Awakening." Last modified February 11, 2025. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Second-Great-Awakening.
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John Adams served as the second president from March 4th, 1797 to March 4th, 1801 as a Federalist -
Thomas Jefferson served as the third U.S President from March 4th, 1801 to March 4th 1809 as a Democratic-Republican -
James Madison served as the 4th U.S President from March 4th, 1809 to March 4th, 1817 as a Democratic-Republican -
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The War of 1812 was a war fought between Britain and the United States (also Canada). It happened because of the royal blockade placed between France and the U.S, and it ended in a stalemate.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. "War of 1812," accessed May 30, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/event/War-of-1812. -
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James Monroe served as the 5th U.S president from March 4th, 1817 to March 4th, 1825 as a Democratic-Republican -
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The Temperance Movement began in the 1820s to stop the drinking of alcohol in the United States, viewing it as immoral and unchristian. -
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The Monroe Doctrine was an idea expressed by James Monroe that stated America must defend against European Imperialism and defend the Western Hemisphere from outside forces. -
John Quincy Adams served as the 6th U.S President from March 4th, 1825, to March 4th, 1829 as a Democratic-Republican (later National Republican) -
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Andrew Jackson served as the 7th U.S President, from March 4th, 1829 to March 4th, 1837 as a Democrat. -
🟧 The Indian Removal Act was a law put into effect on May 28th, 1830. The Act forced the Native American tribes of the west to be moved to reservations to make way for American settlers. U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian. “Indian Treaties and the Removal Act of 1830.” Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations. Accessed May 30, 2025. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/indian-treaties.
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🟧 The National Bank was a concept in the early 1800s to create a federal bank to print money. Congress, in 1832, managed to pass a law to create the National Bank, but it was vetoed by then-President Andrew Jackson. Garmon, Frank W. Jr. "Andrew Jackson’s Veto of the National Bank." Bill of Rights Institute. https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/andrew-jacksons-veto-of-the-national-bank.
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Martin Van Buren was the 8th U.S President, serving from March 4th, 1837 to March 4th, 1841 as a Democrat -
William Henry Harrison was the 9th U.S President, from March 4th, 1841 to April 4th, 1841 as a Whig. (He died in office) -
John Tyler was the 10th U.S President, serving from April 4th, 1841 to March 4th, 1845 as a Whig. -
🟪 The Great Famine in Ireland was a mass destruction of potato crops by blight in the mid-1850s. Due to starvation, many moved to the U.S. to find a better life, and faced discrimination for their heritage and catholic practices, especially in New York City. National Museum of Ireland. "Irish Emigration to America." Last modified May 30, 2025. https://www.museum.ie/en-IE/Collections-Research/Folklife-Collections/Folklife-Collections-List-(1)/Other/Emigration/Irish-Emigration-to-America.
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James K. Polk was the 11th U.S President, serving from March 4th, 1845 to March 4th, 1849 as a Democrat -
🟥 The Mexican-American War was a war that occurred in the mid-1840s between Mexico and America. The war was fought over Texas and resulted in America gaining territory in the west. Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. “Mexican-American War,” last modified February 12, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/event/Mexican-American-War.
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Zachary Taylor was the 12th U.S President, from March 4th, 1849, July 9th, 1850 as a Whig -
🟦 The Seneca Falls Convention (Also known as the Women's Rights Convention) was a meeting of feminists in Seneca Falls. The meeting comprised 300 women and the ideas expressed during it became the main talking points of the future feminist movement. History.com Editors. “Seneca Falls Convention.” History.com, AE Television Networks, November 10, 2017. https://www.history.com/articles/seneca-falls-convention
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Millard Filmore was the 13th U.S President, serving from July 9th, 1850 to March 4th, 1853 as a Whig -
Franklin Pierce was the 14th U.S President, serving from March 4th, 1853 to March 4th, 1857 as a Democrat -
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The Kansas Nebraska Act was a law passed by the congress in January 1854. The law said that the newly founded states of Nebraska and Kansas should be allowed to vote on whether they should be slave states or free states, invalidating the Missouri Compromise. “Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854).” Milestone Documents, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Accessed May 30, 2025. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act. -
James Buchanan was the 15th U.S President, serving from March 4th, 1857 to March 4th, 1861 as a Democrat -
Abraham Lincoln was the 16th U.S President, serving from March 4th, 1861 to April 15th, 1865 as a Republican then a National Unionist -
🟥 The U.S. Civil War was a war over the mass secession of the South in fear of slaves being made unconstitutional. The war was the bloodiest to ever be fought on American soil, and destroyed the South's infrastructure, which is still felt even today. McPherson, James. “A Brief Overview of the American Civil War.” American Battlefield Trust. Last modified November 29, 2023. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/brief-overview-american-civil-war.
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🟧 On April 14th, 1865, the then current President, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. This presidential assassination was the first in history and marked the years after it in turmoil without a figure head. Ford’s Theatre Society. “Lincoln’s Assassination.” Ford’s Theatre. Accessed May 30, 2025. https://fords.org/lincolns-assassination/.
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Andrew Johnson was the 17th U.S President, serving from April 15th, 1865 to March 4th, 1869 as a National Unionist before becoming a Democrat -
🟧 The 13th Amendment was added to the constitution on December 6th, 1865. The amendment outlawed and abolished slavery, including the previously owned slaves of the south. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. “Constitutional Amendments – Amendment 13 – ‘The Abolition of Slavery.’” Ronald Reagan Presidential Library Museum. Accessed May 30, 2025. https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/constitutional-amendments-amendment-13-abolition-slavery.
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🟧 The Reconstruction Acts were a series of laws passed between 1867 and 1868. The laws were primarily focused on rebuilding the south as its main source of revenue (Slaves) was taken along with the damage it sustained in the Civil War. U.S. Senate. “The Civil War: The Senate’s Story.” U.S. Senate: Art History. Accessed May 30, 2025. https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Civil_War_AdmissionReadmission.htm.
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The fourteenth amendment was passed on July 9th of 1868. The amendment guarantees the citizenship of every person born in the United States, though this is now being legally challenged as its true definition. Congressional Research Service. “Amendment XIV – Citizenship, Due Process, and Equal Protection.” Constitution Annotated, Library of Congress. Accessed May 30, 2025. https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-14/. -
Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th U.S President, serving from March 4th, 1869 to March 4th 1877 as a Republican -
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The 15th Amendment was added to the Constitution on February 3rd, 1870. The Amendment guarantees that all races may vote if they are citizens of America. -
🟧 The Chinese Exclusion Act was a law ratified in 1882 and extended by the Geary Act until it was repealed in 1943. The law stopped all Chinese immigration and prevented Chinese Americans from getting bail bonds. "Chinese Exclusion Act." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Last modified May 24, 2024. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-Exclusion-Act.
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🟧 The Jim Crow Laws were a series of laws in the South that were ratified between 1874 and the mid 1960s, named after the racist character: Jim Crow. These laws discriminated against black people by making them unable to vote via loopholes, and they segregated white and black people in everyday life. David Pilgrim, "What Was Jim Crow?" Jim Crow Museum, Ferris State University, accessed May 30, 2025, https://jimcrowmuseum.ferris.edu/what.htm.
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Rutherford B. Hayes was the 19th President of the U.S, serving from March 4th, 1877 to March 4th, 1881 as a Republican -
James A. Garfield was the 20th U.S President, serving from March 4th, 1881 to September 19th, 1881 as a Republican -
Chester A. Arthur was the 21st president of the U.S, serving from September 19th, 1881, to March 4th, 1885 as a Republican. -
Grover Cleveland was the 22nd U.S. President, serving from March 4th, 1885 to March 4th 1889 as a Democrat. -
Benjamon Harrison was the 23rd U.S President, serving from March 4th, 1889 to March 4th, 1893 as a Republican -
🟦 The Settlement House movement was a social welfare movement that proposed the idea of poor and rich Americans living in close proximity to each other. The movement came up with the idea of a "settlement house", a place for volunteering middle-class Americans to live in impoverished areas and teach poorer Americans. Berry, Margaret E. Settlement Movement: 1886–1986. Social Welfare History Project. https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/settlement-houses/settlement-movement-1886-1986/.
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Grover Cleveland served once more as the 24th U.S President, from March 4th, 1893 to March 4th, 1897 as a Democrat.
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William McKinley was the 25th U.S President, serving from March 4th, 1897 to September 14th, 1901 as a Republican. -
🟥 The Spanish-American War was a war that occurred in 1898.. It was fought between the U.S. and the Spanish Empire over its colonies in the New World, and ended the Spanish Empire's colonial power. Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. “Spanish-American War,” last modified April 14, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-American-War.
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Theodore Roosevelt was the 26th U.S President, serving from September 14th, 1901 to March 4th, 1909 as a Republican -
William Howard Taft was the 27th U.S President, serving from March 4th, 1909 to March 4th, 1913 as a Republican -
Woodrow B. Wilson was the 28th U.S President, serving from March 4th, 1913 to March 4th, 1921 as a Democrat -
🟥 World War One was a conflict fought between the Allies and the Central Powers, with the United States joining much later in 1817. The war occurred after Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated and resulted in the destruction of Austria-Hungary and Germany. History.com Editors. “World War I: Causes and Timeline.” History.com, AE Television Networks, November 9, 2009. Updated May 30, 2025. https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i
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Warren G. Harding was the 29th U.S President, serving from March 4th, 1921 to August 2nd 1923 as a Republican -
🟦🟥 The Tulsa Race Massacre was a terrorist attack on African Americans by White Supremacists that occurred in Tulsa, Oklahoma on June 1st, 1921. This terrorist attack is considered one of the deadliest moment of racial violence in U.S History with 6,000 injuries. Tulsa Historical Society Museum. “1921 Tulsa Race Massacre.” Tulsa Historical Society Museum. Accessed May 30, 2025. https://www.tulsahistory.org/exhibit/1921-tulsa-race-massacre/.
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🟧🟦 The ERA is a proposed amendment to the Constitution made in 1923, and has yet to be ratified. The amendment intends to make the right to vote equal among all sexes, and was drafted by Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman. Brennan Center for Justice. "The Equal Rights Amendment Explained." Last modified May 30, 2025. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/equal-rights-amendment-explained.
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Calvin Coolidge was the 30th U.S President, serving from August 2nd, 1923 to March 4th, 1929 as a Republican -
Herbert Hoover was the 31st U.S President, serving from March 4th, 1929 to March 4th, 1933 as a Republican -
🟩 The Great Depression was a mass stock market crash that occurred in 1929. The economic crisis caused mass unemployment and forced many into poverty, and it was only somewhat fixed by 1939 with the New Deal. Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. “Great Depression,” last modified January 14, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Depression.
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🟪 The Dust Bowl was a series of severe dust storms that occurred in the Midwest, causing mass famine and many farmers losing their homes. These farmers were forced to move west for employment and faced many challenges on the way. National Drought Mitigation Center. “The Dust Bowl.” Accessed May 30, 2025. https://drought.unl.edu/dustbowl/.
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F. D. R. was the 32nd U.S President, serving from March 4th, 1933 to April 12th, 1945 as a democrat -
🟥 World War 2 was the deadliest war in history, and occurred between the Allies and the Axis. After the bombing of Pearl Harbour, the United States joined in 1941 and resulted in the nukings of Japan, and it resulted in the U.S. and USSR becoming superpowers. Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. "World War II," accessed May 30, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II.
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🟦 The Chicano Movement was a series of Latino movements focused on ending discrimination against Latinos in the U.S. The Chicano movement made major strides in Latino equality, especially in schools. Richardson, Thomas. "El Movimiento: The Chicano Movement and Hispanic Identity in the United States." Pieces of History (blog), September 23, 2021. National Archives. https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2021/09/23/el-movimiento-the-chicano-movement-and-hispanic-identity-in-the-united-states/.
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🟧🟪 Japanese Internment was a mass relocation of Japanese Americans by the U.S. government during WW2. Due to suspicions of Japanese Americans being spies for Japan, they were sent to camps and forced into staying until the end of the war. National Archives. "Japanese-American Incarceration During World War II." Last modified May 10, 2022. https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/japanese-relocation.
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🟦🟥 The Zoot Suit riots were a series of riots that targeted Latino Americans who wore Zoot Suits (Outfits intended to protest Latino discrimination). The riots lasted for 5 days, and they created a massive sentiment among Latinos to fight back against discrimination. The National WWII Museum. "The Zoot Suit Riots and Wartime Los Angeles." Last modified June 1, 2023. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/zoot-suit-riots-and-wartime-los-angeles.
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Harry S. Truman was the 33rd U.S President, serving from April 12th, 1945 to January 20th, 1953 as a Democrat -
🟥 The Cold War was a pseudo-war that occurred between the U.S. and the USSR in the mid 1900s. Due to the two superpowers' ideological differences, the nations were at odds and fought via proxy wars due to both nations had nuclear bombs. Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. "Cold War," accessed May 30, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/event/Cold-War.
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🟥 The Korean War was a proxy war in the Cold War that occurred in the Korean Peninsula between North and South Korea. Due to the South's capitalist government, the U.S. backed the South with the help of the UN, but it eventually ended in a stalemate as China joined the North. Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. "Korean War," accessed May 30, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/event/Korean-War.
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Dwight D. Eisenhower was the 34th U.S President, serving from January 20th, 1953 to January 20th, 1961 as a Republican -
🟥 The Vietnam War was a proxy war in the greater Cold War between South Vietnam and a rebel group called the Vietcong. Due to the Vietcong's communist ideology, the U.S. joined with South Vietnam and drafted many young men to fight, but it ultimately lost. Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. "Vietnam War," accessed May 30, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War.
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J. F. K was the 35th U.S President, serving from January 20th, 1961 to November 22nd, 1963 as a Democrat -
Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th U.S President, serving from November 22nd, 1963 to January 20th, 1969 as a Democrat. -
🟦 The Red Power Movement was a Native American Social Movement in the 1960s and 70s. The Movement focused on gaining the Native American tribes sovereignty from the United States. Blakemore, Erin. “The Radical History of the Red Power Movement’s Fight for Native American Sovereignty.” National Geographic, November 25, 2020. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/red-power-movement-radical-fight-native-american-sovereignty
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Richard Nixon was the 37th U.S President, serving from January 20th, 1969 to August 9th, 1974 as a Republican. -
🟦🟥 The Stonewall riots were a series of riots against the police that took place on the morning of June 28th in New York City. The riots were conducted by the LGBTQ+ community after gay bars throughout the city were raided, and it began the Gay movement. History.com Editors. “The Stonewall Riots.” History.com, AE Television Networks, May 28, 2025. https://www.history.com/articles/the-stonewall-riots.
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Gerald Ford was the 38th U.S President, serving from August 9th, 1974 to January 20th, 1977 as a Republican -
Jimmy Carter was the 39th U.S President, serving from January 20th, 1977 to January 20th, 1981 as a Democrat -
Ronald Reagan was the 40th U.S President, serving from January 20th, 1981 to January 20th, 1989 as a Republican -
🟦 The Second National March was a political rally done by the LGBTQ+ community on October 11th, 1987 in Washington D.C. The rally sought to increase the public knowledge of the AIDs crisis, and protest Reagans anti-gay practices. University of Iowa Libraries. "Second National March on Washington, 1987." Last modified May 7, 2025. https://www.lib.uiowa.edu/gallery/exhibit-media/second-national-march-on-washington-1987/.
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George H. W. Bush was the 41st U.S President, serving from January 20th, 1989 to January 20th, 1993 as a Republican -
Bill Clinton served as the 42nd U.S President, serving from January 20th, 1993 to January 20th, 2001 as a Democrat. -
George W. Bush was the 43rd U.S President, serving from January 20th, 2001 to January 20th, 2009 as a Republican -
🟥 9/11 was a terrorist attack that occurred in 2001 on September 11th. The attack was organized by Osama Bin Laden, and it utilised planes to hit the twin towers, the Pentagon, and a planned attack on the Congress building. https://www.history.com/articles/9-11-attacks
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Barack Obama was the 44th U.S President, serving from January 20th, 2009 to January 20th, 2017 as a Democrat. -
Donald Trump was the 45th U.S President, serving from January 20th, 2017 to January 20th, 2021 as a Republican -
Joe Biden was the 46th U.S President, serving from January 20th, 2021 to January 20th, 2025 as a Democrat. -
Donald Trump is the 47th U.S President, who began serving January 20th, 2025 as a Republican.