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Affirmative Action
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Civil Rights Act enacted by Lyndon Johnson
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Johnson declares need for 'affirmative action"
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University of California vs. Alan Bakke
Court ruled race was a legitimate faactor in college admissioms -
Supreme court rules that AA programs require "strict scrutiny"
"Strict scrutiny" meant that affirmative action programs fulfilled a "compelling governmental interest," and were "narrowly tailored" to fit the particular situation. R -
President Clinton affirms need for AA, but sets conditions for programs
called for the elimination of any program that "(a) creates a quota; (b) creates preferences for unqualified individuals; (c) creates reverse discrimination; or (d) continues even after its equal opportunity purposes have been achieved." -
Hopwood vs. U. of Texas Law School
U.S. Court of Appeals suspended the university's affirmative action admissions program and ruled that the 1978 Bakke decision was invalid. -
Proposition 209 Enacted in CA
A state ban on all forms of affirmative action was passed in California. -
Florida bans race as factor in college admissions.
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Gratz v. Bollinger,
A federal judge ruled that the use of race as a factor in admissions at the University of Michigan was constitutional. -
Grutter v. Bollinger,
A different judge drew an opposite conclusion, invalidating the law school's policy and ruling that "intellectual diversity bears no obvious or necessary relationship to racial diversity. May 14, 2002, the decision was reversed on appeal, ruling that the admissions policy was, in fact, constitutional. -
Supreme Court Upholds Affirmative Action in University Admissions.
Supreme Court (5–4) upholds the University of Michigan Law School's policy, ruling that race can be one of many factors considered by colleges when selecting their students because it furthers "a compelling interest in obtaining the educational benefits that flow from a diverse student body." -
Supreme Court Rules Against Considering Race to Integrate Schools
A bitterly divided court rules, 5–4, that programs in Seattle and Louisville, Ky., which tried to maintain diversity in schools by considering race when assigning students to schools, are unconstitutional. -
Court Orders University to Re-examine Affirmative Action PolicyRead more: Affirmative Action Timeline | Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/spot/affirmativetimeline1.html#ixzz3HyJ86Bti
In Fisher v. University of Texas, the court allows universities to continue considering race as a factor in admissions to achieve diversity, but tells them that they must prove that “available, workable race-neutral alternatives do not suffice” before considering race -
Supreme Court Upholds Michigan Ban on Considering Race in College Admissions