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Though written before 1543, it wasn't published until his death. Copernicus delayed releasing it to the public because he was afraid of being called a heretic. He dedicated the book to Pope Paul the third, in hopes that the pope would protect him. The book was on his theory that the Earth went in a circuit around the sun.
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He founded his first two laws of planetary motion when studying Tycho Brahe's works. He insisted that the circuits of the planets were elliptical, which went against Aristotle and Ptolemy's earlier theories.
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He heard of an object in the Netherlands that could make far away objects appear closer, so he attempted to do the same with several lenses and succeeded. His invention helped him immensely in his studies in astronomy and contributed to his finding of craters on the moon, moons orbiting Jupiter, and that the Milky Way was made up of enormous numbers of stars.
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Isaac Newton was a physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, and an alchemist. He contributed to all of those subjects, and improved upon the theories of earler geniuses. Despite being involved heavily in the scientific field, Newton was a very religious unorthodox Christian, and had more studies in religion than in science.