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Eratosthenes may have been the first to use the word geography. He invented a system of longitude and latitude and made a map of the known world. He also designed a system for finding prime numbers — whole numbers that can only be divided by themselves or by the number 1.
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Ptolemy wrote "The Almagest." He created a math and science to astronomy that people didn't see or care about before. He calculated the past, present, and future position of the planets.
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Copernicus formulated a heliocentric model that wasn't widely accepted, but he proved that it was true. He also wrote De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelstium, which translates to On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres.)
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Hans Lippershy created the refracting telescope. This lead people to admire things there were further away, such as the sky, the planets, the stars. Galileo Galilei later makes an addition to Lippershy's invention in 1609.
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Tycho Brahe was a Danish astronomer, known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical observations. Born in Scania, which became part of Sweden in the next century, Tycho was well known in his lifetime as an astronomer, astrologer, and alchemist.
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Galileo Galeli is often referred to as "The Father of Modern Astronomy." He made improvements to Lipperhy's telescope and supported the heliocentric view that stated that the sun was the center of our universe. He studied a lot of concept of weight, gravity, and physics.
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Johannes Kepler is known for his laws of planetary motion. He studied under Tychoe Brahe, who was another famous astronomer, and kept very close records of Mars.
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James Gregory invented the Gregorian telescope, which was a reflecting telescope. He made mathetmatic advances in trigonometry and algrebra, which led to finding distances of other planets more and more reasonable, feasable, and intriguing.
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Isaac Newton is best known for his contribution to the world of physics. In astronomy, he made the newtonian telescope and wrote Philosophiae Naturalis Principa Mathematica which laid down the foundation of classic mechanics. He studied the lwas of motion and the universal motion and planetary gravitation. He removed all remaining doubts of the heliocentric model.
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Edmond Halley studied meterology. He calculated the orbit of comet. He stated that this comet come around every 76 years. This comet was named Halley's comet after him.