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He was born in Egypt
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He believed the earth was the center of the universe,
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His work enabled astronomers to make accurate predictions of planetary positions and solar and lunar eclipses, promoting acceptance of his view of the cosmos in the Byzantine and Islamic worlds and throughout Europe for more than 1,400 years
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He was influenced by Aristotle’s belief that the sun and planets revolved around the earth.
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Alexandria, Egypt
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Ptolemy’s book was translated into Latin in the 12th century and was known as The Almagest, from the Arabic name. This enabled his teachings to be spread throughout Western Europe.
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During this time, Copernicus studies math, Greek, and Islamic astronomy, expenses being paid for by his wealthy uncle. At Krakow, Copernicus begins to question the validity of Aristotle and Ptolemy's view of the geocentric Universe. He became increasingly aware of the contradictions between the planets being concentric spheres yet having eccentric orbits.
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While attending Padau University, Copernicus develops some evidence for a new system of cosmology that differs from the geocentric theory,
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From 1503 to 1510, Copernicus works for his uncle, which gave him lots of free time to continue to make observations on the cosmos. This allowed him to further develop his theory on the layout of the universe.
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When working as canon of a church, Copernicus uses the tower to make measurements on the stars. To make measurements, he would measure the angles, altitudes, and distances of stars and planets. This further deviated his theory of the universe from the geocentric theory.
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By 1514, Copernicus had written a short report (called the Little Commentary) on his heliocentric theory of the universe, sharing this viewpoint with some of his scientific peers.
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After 16 arduous years of measurements, Copernicus completes his detailed astronomical manuscript on his heliocentric theory. This further demonstrates his loyalty to the theory and deviance from the norms of the past.
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After many years, Copernicus publishes his book "De Revolutionibus Orbium Celestium," which fully explained his measurements and reasons for believing in the heliocentric theory. With this, his thoughts could be shared with the world, influencing the geocentric theory to be further questioned and eventually disproved.
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While observing the tides, Galileo recognizes that they do not line up with the geocentric theory. This lead to him beginning to support the heliocentric theory.
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Galileo reads a book by Johannes Kepler that supports the heliocentric theory, to which Galileo responded by writing Kepler a letter stating that he agreed with the theory but was too afraid to express it to the scientific community.
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While observing the sky, Galileo witnesses a supernova, which challenges Aristotle's claims that no change would every occur in the heavens.
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Galileo saw all four of the moons that orbited Jupiter, disproving the geocentric theory that everything orbited around Earth.
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Galileo publishes his findings revolving on the idea that the dark spots on the sun are the result of magnetic activity.
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Born in Lincolnshire, England
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proved that “white” light was composed of all colors, and started to figure out calculus and universal gravitation
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Became the president of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, the top organization of scientists in England.
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Newton’s three Laws of Motion
01 Every body continues at rest or in motion in a straight line unless compelled to change by forces impressed upon it.
02 Every change of motion is proportional to the force impressed and is made in the direction of the straight line in which that force is impressed. .
03 To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction, or the mutual action of two bodies on each other is always equal and directed to contrary parts -
Was influences by Johannes Kepler’s Laws of Motion, and restated it in the Law of Universal Gravitation.
Galileo Galilei first formulated this, and Newton recast it. -
Newton developed and applied calculus, the mathematics of change, which allowed him to understand the motion of celestial bodies.
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London, England
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DMITRI MENDELEEV
Born
February 7, 1834 Tobolsk, Siberia, Russia -
When he returned from his research in Europe to Russia he started teaching at the Technical Institute in St. Petersburg.
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He wrote the first book on Organic Chemistry which was considered the authoritative book on the subject
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He started writing his two volumes of the Principals of Chemistry, where he set out to organize and explain the elements. He began with what he called the “typical” elements: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon
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November 7, 1867 Warsaw, Poland
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This year he became known for his diagram of elements, which later became known as the periodic table. His chart also left spots open for elements that had yet to be discovered
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Marie got her degree in physics, a branch of science that studies natural laws, she took her exam. She got the highest marks and was the first women to earn a degree in physics from the Sorbonne
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Marie and Pierre were married.
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After she found polonium, she found another element that has 900 times more radiation than polonium. She called it radium
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She discovered a new element that was 400 times more radioactive than any other element. She named it “polonium,”
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Curies watched its silvery-blue-green glow.
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Marie Curie becomes the first woman in France to receive her PhD, her doctorate degree in physics,
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Pierre was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize with out Marie and refused to accept without her. They won the prize for discovery of radioactivity. They shared it with Henri Bec- querel, shared the Nobel Prize in physics. She became the first woman to be awarded the prize
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She became the first female professor in the Sorbonne’s history
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Died
January 20, 1907
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awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry, becoming the first person to win two Nobel Prizes.
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July 4, 1934 Savoy, France