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United states begins
The deceleration of independence was signed and formed and Birth of united states of america as an independent nation from United kingdom -
Bill of rights signed and founded
Bill of rights written by James Madison was the founding of the first 10 amendments and they were added to the constitution. -
19th Century
witnesses a Supreme Court oppose to claims of freedom of speech. -
Schenck vs United States
U.S supreme court that the freedom of speech protection afforded in the U.S constitution could be restrictive if the words spoken or printed represented to society a "clear and present danger". -
Evans v. Selma Union High School District of Fresno County
The California State supreme court held that the King James version of the Bible was not a "publication of a sectarian, partisan, or denominational character" that a State statute required a public high school library to exclude from its collections. The "fact that the King James version is commonly used by Protestant Churches and not by Catholics" does not "make its character sectarian," -
Whitney vs. California
It was a court case that the Supreme court upholding the conviction of an individual who had engaged in speech that raised a threat to society.Since Anita Whitney did not base her defense on the First Amendment, the Supreme Court, by a 7 to 2 decision, upheld her conviction of being found guilty under the California’s 1919 Criminal Syndicalism Act for allegedly trying to establish the communist labor group. -
Near vs Minnesota
A law that imposed permanent injunctions against the publication of newspapers with " malicious, scandalous, and defamatory" content violated the First amendment. The Court invalidated as an infringement of constitutional guarantees a Minnesota statue allowing specified government officials or private citizens to maintain a lawsuit in the name of the State to suppress a public nuisance. -
Rosenberg v. Board of Education of City of New York
After considering the charge that Oliver Twist and the Merchant of Venice are "objectionable because they tend to engender hatred of the Jew as a person and as a race," the Supreme Court, Kings County, New York, decided that these two works cannot be banned from the New York City schools, libraries, or classrooms, declaring that the Board of Education "acted in good faith without malice or prejudice and in the best interests of the school system. -
The New York Times v. Sullivan
Decided together with Abernathy v. Sullivan, this case concerns a full-page ad in the New York Times which alleged that the arrest of the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. for perjury in Alabama was part of a campaign to destroy King's efforts to integrate public facilities and encourage blacks to vote. .The Court stated that the First and Fourteenth Amendments require that critics of official conduct have the "fair equivalent" to the immunity protection given to a public official. -
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier,
Students enrolled in the Journalism II class at Hazelwood East High School were responsible for writing and editing the school's paper The Spectrum. Two of the articles submitted for publication in the final edition of the paper contained stories on divorce and teenage pregnancy. The decision of a principal to prohibit the publishing of certain articles, which he deems inappropriate, in the school newspaper violate the student journalists. -
Cohen v. San Bernardino Valley College
Tenured professor of English was disciplined for violating the college's sexual harassment policy against creating a "hostile learning environment" for his in-class.After the college concluded that Cohen had violated the school’s sexual harassment policy, he sued in federal court, contending that his rights to freedom of speech, academic freedom, and due process had been violated. -
American Library Association v. U.S. Department of Justice and Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union
In a 9-0 decision, the U.S. Supreme Court on June 26, 1997, declared unconstitutional a federal law making it a crime to send or display indecent material on line in a way available to minors. The Court held that speech on the Internet is entitled to the highest level of First Amendment protection, similar to the protection the Court gives to books and newspapers.
