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granted self gov in 1923
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with the statue of westminister- gave dominions independence- way for brit to keep ties, politically and economically benefit from foremr ties, had to change the rules to allow more nations to join i.e. republics as many refused to acknowledge the queen i.e. india under nehru republic in 1949, joined
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: George V delivers the first Royal Christmas Day Broadcast, scripted by Rudyard Kipling, to inaugurate the new British Empire service (later the British World Service).
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national service begins for young men aged 18-21, serve for 18 months, this would end in 1960
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a bunch of strikes from 1945-8
mca or mcp- malay comm party
reprsent in labour unions and strikes
chinese were encouraged by brits to come, work in rubber and tin, more came after civil war,
pop 38.4 and of malays 49.5 -
expand agricultural produce and promote technology in colonies inorder to render them more [rpductive and profitable for the UK
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kwamae Nkrumah attend- left knowing where they were going, Du bois included
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By gov general sir alan burns, new legislative council, 18 african and 12 british nominees.
power remained in british hands, saw need to give more freedom but not if it impaired british economic and political interests. -
april 1946- invested in area, plant alot of peanuts inorder to make oil and other commodities inorder to sell, no testing done before hand, ruined alot of the fertile land, not right conditions servely pissed of the people in the area, rise in discontent towrds imperialism.
Brit spent £49 mill -
united malay nat organ- fav malays created march 1946
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made b y leader ONN BIN JA'AFAR- counter the british made malay union 1946
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was the president of the UMNO from may 1946
drew on hostility of ruleer, organised rallies and gathered support
malaya deeply divided by race and ideology
faced oppost from mcp-chin peng
and tan cheng lock- chinese malay fiercely against comm
supportr include Tunku abdul rahman- becomes 1st prsdnt of malaya -
it was formed in 1947 with the aim of promoting colonial production of needed commodities, promote production of things desperately needed at home.
Allocated £120 million over 10 years for colonial development.
Aimed to improve education, health, agriculture, industry, and infrastructure in colonies.
Encouraged technical assistance and planning.
Promoted cooperation between colonies and Britain in development planning. -
briit fav malay as opposed to chinese,
malay citizenship had to prove you can speak and write malay and english- discriminatory to the chinese pop which mad eup 45% of pop in 1957 dropped to 36% in 1961 -
given 3.3 bill support through marshall plan, suscpetible to usa pressure, told to speed up decolonisation
changing internatinal politics, meant new supwerpwrs usa and ussr -
made by secrty of state for colonial office afr devision andrew cohen
declared decolon inevitable
set out map and route for gradual reforms which would permmit indp through democray and stability -
made by mosley and movement - an anti-immigration campaign that was led by oswald mosley former leader of british union of fascists. 1959 ran a campaign- distributed pamphlets showing black people in derrogatory stature with spears entering Britian 'stop coloured migration' and 'houses for white people'
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co-ordinate major projects in colonies and to develop self sustaining agriculture and industry and trade
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survey done in 1948 shows how 1/4=25% of pop was in contact with a relative or acquaintance living in commonwlth
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gave all memebrs of colonies and commmonwealth british citizenship, ultimately gave them a passport and right to live in the Uk, this was in an attempt to get the whites to come back and work for the motherland in london transport and NHS, caused influx of migrants from carribean instead
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whites in full control, afrikaner national party won majority seats in 1948 begand implementing apartheid and defranchising the black population.- heavily repressed, opposition from Afric Nation Congr
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incredibly important, rubber and tin. sell for dollars, needed.
Huge naval base-strategic
1/3 pop, chinese, ethinic malays and indians. rise in tensions, -
wanted independence, Aun sang leader AFPFL- anti fascist ppls frdm league, collabd with Japanese to get rid of brit infl, Atlee decide get rid of Burma, not worth sending manpower there, jan 1947 agree elections for constituent assembly
afpfl- majority but infaction fighting sung and 6 ministers killed, spiral into civil war, brot left and their relation ended, they refused to join the commonwealth -
1948- own self gov- lgsltv and executive council
high nb of chinese pop
6 of 25 seats on council elctd but only brits, 10% of pop could vote
struggled to maintain comm insurgency
enlarged legsltv counicl to 32 seats of which 25 were elcted, 300,000 ppl could vote by 1953
1st council dom by singapore progrs party- consrvt group favouring businessmen -
the colonial administ announced that self gov not possible inn near future for the kenyas, angered the kenyans- esp the mau mau, started the insurgency in 1952
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high commissioner murdered sir henry gurney
they restablished order in 1952
tried to placate all groups
promised malay indp and promised chinese MCA that interest would be protcd and some reprsnt in gov
mca and umna unite get 81% votes against brits- demand indp 1955 -
in whole 802 who landed at tilsbury dock, despite gov attempts to block 'incursion' as described by atlee they landed and they had to be housed in clapham, formed the nucleus of the immigrant community in brixton
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from kingston jamaica 492 immigrants coming, announced on broadcast, the colonial secretary said that they would have to land as they have passports but not to worry as they won't last the winter.
landed in tilsbury- east dock, atlee 'incursion' try to send the boat back, send these educatd ppl to work as farmersz in east afr. didn't work
had to house them, clapham.
11mps sent letter distress to atlee- destabalise peace in uk -
conventionfas people party made by Kwamae Nkrumah in 1949, demand more concessions he broke away from the UGCC- because they favoured gradual reform and he wanted immediate self rule.
the legislative assembly enlarged and so more ppl vote for cpp and nkrumah -
was a republic and so commonwealth had to change the membership rules to allow a wider range of regimes
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supported by nelson mandela-
peaceful protesting- based on ganhi and satyagarah
he staged strikes and boycotts
defiance campaign -
where there were old textile companies in need of cheap labour
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half that came stld in lond, most were carribean
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most in birmighm 25,000
8000 manchs, 6000 liverpoor and leeds -
1950- inciting unrest and subversion, the cpp and him organised a series of boycotts and strikes, influenced by Gandhi's methids. called the positive action campaign. he was in prison until 1952
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India's success lit a fire in the heart of africans giving us hope and a blueprint for success
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taught them not to portary foreginers as enemies or villans
shows a shift in imperialsit racist attitudes promotion of unity and tolerance -
series of strikes and boycotts against imperialism, demand self rule 'now', campaign of non-violence, as per Gandhi's methods
8 jan 1950 started but he was imprisoned on 22 january 1950 - gold coast- ghana -
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expanded right to vote, made a ntaional council of ministers - 185 seat federal house of representatives
each region own gov and elective assembly
north dominated by Hausna and fulani- muslim
west-yoruba
east-igbo
held together by pan africanism more so than a nigerian identity. -
brit high commisnr head of state- held the real power
executive council- 7 official and unoficcial mbs
fed of malaya- council of 62 mbs rprsnt various states and groups
became electeed body by 1955
the state managed some of its own affairs -
he was voted as leader by majority of the population and so had to be released in 1952. The CPP got majority votes- 2/3 of legislative assembly, burns had to put cpp in government inorder to quell rebellion.
He was released and made PM from 1952 -
help fight against unjust laws
was inflncd by socialism was secretly on SACP comittee -
Mau Mau was a militant group compromised of the kikuyu people who were discriminated against by the british- they were farmers who owned the fetrile highlands which became known as the 'white highlands' attacked and killed a number of british officials- barring gov general- emergency- kill and target numerous people. killed between 30,000- 300,000 ppl, put them in camps. they took an oath to kill the whites- instilled fear in the white pop.
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Nyasaland- economically undevelpd country
north rhodesia- minerally rich
south rhodesia- large white sttle pop and agricul rich
brit try to combat SA infl in area, fear they would expand made the CAF to counter their infl.
Afr suspicious of brit intentions, rise of nationalism in all 3
whites imprisoned the nationalist leaderfs -
toured kenya- promoting indp and unity,
mau mau uprising- meant he was accused of collab and arrst, sentenced to 7yrs -
made because he was concerned with the treatment of Africans in the colonies
and because he was concernd with the effects of apartheid -
30k white settlers mostly copper miners wanted the same rights and freedoms as the white rhodesians
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the national congress party emerge 1959
dr hastings baunda- led campgn end feder
governonr sir robert armitrage declare emergncy
imprison the ldrs 1300 mbs of congrss detained, 2000 imprisoned offcnce relatd to emergncy no trial
police officers round up activists killed 51 and injured 20 and nkata bay incident
denounced as overreaction by brits, illegal and unneccesary force -
andrew cohen, govenor general of buganda, deported the leader king of buganda mutesa II, this sparked outrage and violent riots. led to cohen calling a national emergency- but kabaka (the name for the king of buganda) was restoed two years later and became very influential in deciding how an indp Uganda would be ruled
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played in the second half of the last night of the proms- songs like land of hope and glory-
sir malcom sargent 1954 -
cause migration in britain many leave in search of jobs- commonwealth, aust and nzlnd need workforce, from 1946-57 1 million brits leave
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counteer sov infl inn me, egyot refuse to sign, pressure king hussein of jordan to not sign, fear threaten egypt power in m.e- shows egyp- brit hostility
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1956, lots of jobs availabe there was no need to stop immigration, need people to fill up these jobs
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condemned by un and usa
withdrawl within 5 days
countterproductive militarily and economic/ politicl destryd them , anger usa- eisnhwr not consultd
mixd opinion at home- 'save our boys' jingoistic patriotism among some, hatred of nasser
others condemn imperialistic agression
eden had to retire. -
counterproductive- the suez invasion
nasser blocked the canal and sunk 47 ships -
sth uganda, became nationalist figure, joined UNC ugand nation congr in 1956
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israel to attack egypt
brit and france demand ceasfire next day and withdrawl of troops from suez, invade on 31 oct- premise of protecting suez -
shows a shift in trade with empire, new commodities important. Brit refuse to acknwldg, made EFTA, to combat this and maintained their trade with empire
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made by brits combat the EEC- wanted trade with europe but not the political proposals proposed by the eec, which britain saw as a threat to its sovereignty.
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make a democratic constitution for independ malaya
brit kept a military presence nearby in singapore inorder to maintain and facilitate trade- the imperialism of decolonisation -
onn bin ja'afar
tan cheng unitte against brit and commies, gain indp in 1957 -
took 5yrs, serious repression, state of emrgncy, put them in camps, those that refused to quite their oath sent ot hola camp, killed 11,000 and detained 81,000 but these were british numbers, acc nbs range from 150k to 300k
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has successful talks wth the british- mov towards independence, they are impressed with his resistance to communism and allos singapore self gov.
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under Nkrumah, who is to rule as a totalitarian figure, banned opposition and got rid of critics, but invested in ghana, made dams - hydroelectric power. was overrthrown in 1966
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115,000 from caribbean
55,000- indian and pakistan
25,000- west africa
10,000 cypriots, civil war at time, 25,000 end up coming to Uk -
grwng hatred towards immigrnts- youth attacks, attackd black people , violent riots in nottinghill and nottingham
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was super racist had white men using black face, very popular from 1958-1970s
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overreaction- was later condemned, due to NAC- nyasaland african congress- protest against CAF- under dr hastings banda- imprisoned and movement banned 1.3 arrested, further 2k detained no trial 51 killed. sir robert armitage was the gov general under this that was responsible for this.
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when those arrested in nyasaland as part of the NAC were to be shipped of to south, protestors called out and the gov general robert armitage fearing uncertainty and lack of control told guards to open fire. left 51 dead
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march 1958 first balck british weekly newspaper set up by claudia - the west indian gazette
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Oswald Mosley stands on an anti-immigration platform in the Kensington North election, receiving 8.1% of the vote but increasing white extremism.
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although most cinema moved away from imperialist themes and beliefs some continued like
north west frontier-1959 showed brit prsnc in ind necsry, protect hindu prince from murderous muslim -
commandr forced 88 prisoners dig hole in mosquito infested waters, refused, beat up, 11 died and rest serious injuries.
east african journal reported and showed attrocities- said dieed from infstd water, but later truth shown, -
while its significance may have been exaggerated, the speech represented a realistic appraisal of the situation and an attempt to frame the inevitable transfer of power as a controlled process.
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69 killed sharpeville March 1960, protests organised by the pan african congress, 5000-7000 peaceful protestors went to protest against the restrictive laws against them and their movements near a police station in sharpeville, the police opened fire killing 69 people and wounding 180 ppl, international condemnation, strained brit relat with SA
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obligatory, conscription started in 1939 ww2 and continued until 1960s, forced to go to malaya, kenya, suez, emergencies, contact with empire.
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curb immigr from commonwlth immigrnt, stop them settling, part of wider mvmnt across england
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87% of jmcn feel brit before coming to engl and 86% want kids feel brits
inds 2% felt brit b4 cmng and 6% want kids feel brits -
words like dingh and bungalow- hindhi
zombie and mumbo-jumbo- afr
aswell as infl from sport, cricket and rugby heavily established and important to commonwlth and brit -
the indigenous
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helped found NCNC (igbo)- made ldr in 1948
had to work and negotiate, nigeria deeply divided, yoruba(action grp) hausna and fulani (npc),
secured indp in 1960 after he made treaty with NPC(national ppl congress) -
kenya african national union, he was electd prsdnt, while still in prison helped get him released- 1961
got out and started negotiating woth brits -
was a civil disobedience campaign, led by kenneth kaunda in north rhodesia in 1960 - was to become zamia, threatned to make the mau mau look like children, helped gain independence in 1964
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harold macmillan the PM of britain gave the speech
3 feb 1960 in capetown south africa
warned sa gov, that winds of change blowing through continent and like it or not growth of nationalism is a political fact
wanted to present demcolonis and indp as a gift but withdrawl was often bump and sped up due to pressure from nationalism -
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organised by kenneth kaunda- in 1961 after he became ldr / prsdnt of UNIP. civil disobedience campaign against the British
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the whites vote to leave commonwealth following brit condemnation of apartheid and of the sharpeville massacre
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(spear of nation)-militant group to fight the apartheid gov
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90% of britons agreed that it was necessary to curb immigration
80% said that there were too many immigrants in britain already -
meant to appease public opinion, based on a permit scheme, for afric and asians harder to obtain said permit thus less were supposed to come
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move away from empire and more towards eu- more benefits , fkights and holidays wiithin eu, americanisation and access to movies, political concerns with joining EEC
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more critical of empire
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by sir walter coutts- pm of indp uganda in 1962
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1962 gather support for his cause, got military training in ethiopia and morroco, returned in 1962 where he was arrested for leaving without a permit
sent for 5 yrs, follwng police raid of ANC- rivonia, sentenced 17yrs on robben island -
the former colonial dvlp corpor- became the commonwelth dvlp corp CDC
not all colonial schemes were a success, seen in tanganyika in 1946, abject failure
but some were particulary successful like malaya in terms of rubber and tin- crucial dollar earners -
only 35,000 came follwoing year,
but fear of not being able to return meant many settled well and sent for their family to join them- which was still permissible.
many supportd- public 70% in favour -
New figures emmerge in each which led to the indp of Nyasaland as Malawi and of north rhodesia as Zambia in 1963
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malay, singapore, sarawak and sabah all join to form malaysia
but singapore was expelled in 1965 due to racial tensions- high pop of chinese -
vetoed by degaulle
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co-founded by nkrumah , bring together newly indp countries to work together politically and economically to fight against apartheid and colonial rule on the continent
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kenyatta became prsdnt, turned into a republic in 1964 and he was prsdnt for 14 yrs
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police raid at ANC headquater of Rivonia, trial 1963 sentenced mandela and 7 others to robben island served 27years
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was first proposed by colonial secretary Leo Amery in 1920s ( but under white minority rule- opposed by Africans) , unite these countries, Tanganyika, Zanzibar, Kenya and Uganda as they all have economic ties, could use this to develop their materials. But then initiated by Jomo kenyatta, milton obote(uganda) and julius nyere(tanganyk), was supposed to happen in 1963 by end, hadn't kenyatta weary and then milton obote aswell- facing pressure from buganda who thought their culture would be lost
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Kenneth Kaunda led north rhodesia to indep as zambia in 1964
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Dr Hastings Banda led nyasaland to indp as Malawi in 1964
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replaced gov gen position, king mutesa head, but obote held the real power
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immig huge topic
borough smetwick only 70,000 residents- 6k immigrants, highst nb of immigr per borough
peter griffiths consrv- used hatrd of immig to win 'if you want a n** for a neighbour, vote labour''
labour- condemn disgrace to democ
but public sentiment was clear
labour pass law stop chldr over 16 coming as part of family regroupemnt
reduced permits -
1/5opposed to working with afr or asian
9/10 oppose interracial marriages
and 1/2 refuse to live next door to them -
made by ALF GARNETT- racist meant to satirise immigrants, constant swearing of them
cult of followers -
try to appease and console everyone
made it illegal to discriminate in public but employment and housing were not included and incitement of racial hatred was not made a criminal offence -
consider all aspect of race relations
could not get many witnesses and so of the 982 complaints 734 were dismissed- lack of evidence
many were against advrts as opposed to personal exprn and they were not well enough equipped to be dealing with that. -
turn brit to multi racial society, media- tv more black actors, emrgency ward 10 and 2 cars.
more asian corner shops and takeaways transformed british tastes -
gain right to vote
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White demand indp, with white minority in control, fear black domin, Declare indp with the UDI in 1965 11 nov- leader IAN SMITH- rhodesian front party.
caused condemn by UN and Brit who imposed sanctions -
sharing of culture, jerk rice and peas, music -trinidad band popular in pubs
but mostly still turning back on immigrants -
short lived- shows failures
functions transferred to foreign office by 1968 -
he suspended the constituion , made mutesa the king flee and made himself prsdnt- corrup
military in head of IDI Amin who staged a coup in 1971
but he was then overthrown by obote in 1979
led to civil war -
jomo kenyatta wants a country that is for kenyans only forces asian kenyans to leave and so lots come to the Uk following the nationality act
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brit try join eec again vetoed by DeGaulle, brit finally relaise trade lay more with europe, more beneficial to join
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in an attempt to maye their goods more competitive, they devalued the pound, went down by 14%, lost confidence in the pound, reduced from $2.80 to $2.40 per us dollar
brit importing more than it was expoeting which led to a huge trade deficit
forced by IMF to devalue -
the devaluationof the pound sterling desroyed the old sterling area as it weakened internatinal faith in the value of the sterling and hit at britains global pretentions
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led to a massive civil war, was supported by SA- also white domination, eventuall independence as zimbabwe 1980
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