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Henry VIII divorced with Catherine of Aragon -
He created :
- conflicts with Scotland
- ministers because he was very young
- tensions and riots againt the landowners -
The resistance didn't want changes to their religion
(Edward was a Protestant and made a lot of physical changes to churches and edited the Book of Common Prayer ) -
She tried to :
- have a popular marriage with Philipe II
- have a heir
- re-catholicized the country
- consolidate the state finances -
She wanted to :
- re-established the Reformation
- stabilized the country
- have better international relationships -
All the members or the Church needed to take an oath to the Queen so everyone would be Protestant -
James VI of Scotland and I of England :
- started the Stuart Line
- tried to establish an absolute monarchy
- also tried to establish a policy of religious toleration
- balanced between the Arminian and Puritan factions -
England made an alliance with Netherlands and France to defeat the Spanish invasion
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A group of Catholics wanted to blow up Parliament -
Charles I :
- sought to the govern without Parliament
- favoured the Arminianism and was close to the Catholicism
- opposed the Prebysterianism of the Kirk -
The citizens were against the "illegal" rule of the King -
Charles I decided to rule without Parliament as his father
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War between Scottish forces and the King army
--> Charles I needed to raise money to have a better army so he needed Parliament -
This event leaded to multiple massacres of England Protestants -
Charles I was surrended by the Scots who handed him over to Parliament -
Charles I refused to plead on the trial then was executed -
Oliver Cromwell tried to resolve the tensions between the Prebysterians and the Army republicains ; and also tried to reform the Constitution -
After the death of Cromwell, his son resigned the role of "Lord Protector", leading to tensions in the Army -
The Declaration of Breda consisted to :
- Reinstaure the monarchy by invinting Charles II to take the crown back
- Pardon the lords for being against the power
- Give back the money to the people -
Charles II had no legitimate child so his brother, James II, is the next one to be on the throne
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James II had to
- Tolerate the Catholics because he is one too
- Face the increasing of opposition in the Parliament because he had no heir so no replacement -
Seven Noblemen invited Williamof Orange (married to Marry, daughter of James II) to invade England.
William wanted to protect the Protestant religion, and the laws and liberties of England, Scotaland and Ireland. -
- Illegality of the actions of James II
- Powers of the Crown and Parliament
- Protestant succession (exclusion of Catholic claimants)
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There were negociations between Scoltand and England to unite the two countries together :
- Single Parliament (in London)
- Free trade
- Kirk unchallenged
- Partly separate legal systems This is the beginning of the United Kingdom -
Sophia of Hanover was legitimate to be Queen because she was the grandaughter of James I but she died
So her son, George I, became king of the England -
