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Bessemer Process
The first method discovered for mass-producing steel. Though named after Sir Henry Bessemer of England, the process evolved from the contributions of many investigators before it could be used on a broad commercial basis. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. -
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Transforming the West
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Homestead Act
Settlers received 160 acres if land was improved for 5 years. Landless farmers, former slaves, single women took advantage. Tenant farmers own land. The West is very advance (free for all). Any adult who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government could apply. Women and immigrants who had applied for citizenship were eligible -
Transcontinental Railroad
the Pacific Railroad Act chartered the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific Railroad Companies, and tasked them with building a transcontinental railroad that would link the United States from east to west. There was two pacific's, Union and Central. The rail line was built by three private companies over public lands provided by extensive US land grants. Construction was financed by both state and US government subsidy bonds as well as by company issued mortgage bonds. -
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Becoming an industrial power
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Knights of Labor
Wanted to get rid of the market competition for a cooperative one. It was a secret labor organization formed to secure and maintain the rights of workingmen in respect to their relations to their employers. It was open to ALL workers of any race. They boycotted businesses and asked for equal pay for equal work, and political reforms including the graduated income tax. They flourished by 1886, and had a group of 700,000 members. -
Robber Barons
Were very greedy capitalists that grew rich by shady business practices. Some nineteenth-century industrialists who were called “captains of industry” overlap with those called “robber barons,” however. These include people such as J.P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, Andrew W. Mellon, and John D. Rockefeller and Vanderbilt. -
Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish-American industrialist, business magnate, and philanthropist. He grew up very poor. Carnegie led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century and is often identified as one of the richest people. He pushed production costs to lowest levels possible. -
Red River War
This was fought on the Southern plains in Oklahoma Texas. The Indians were upset with the White American settlements & buffalo devastation. The war wound down over the last few months of 1874, as fewer and fewer Indian bands had the strength and supplies to remain in the field. Though the last significantly sized group did not surrender until mid-1875, the war marked the end of free-roaming Indian populations on the southern Great Plains. -
Battle of Little Big Horn
George Custer led offensive before reinforcements arrived. He wanted to be a hero. He underestimated the Native forces. Custer’s 600 men entered the Little Bighorn Valley. Among the Native Americans, word quickly spread of the impending attack. Despite Custer’s desperate attempts to regroup his men, they were quickly overwhelmed. Custer and some 200 men in his battalion were attacked by as many as 3,000 Native American. All American troops were dead. -
Exodusters
These are former slaves who migrated west for a better life opportunity. African Americans leaving the south due to the "Jim Crow" movement. Some were to be successful and others settled on bad land and lacked the money. Some tended to relocate back to the south or others continued to move further west in search of a better chance. -
Cornelius Vanderbilt
He was a very rich wealthy man and wanted to make advancements in the american industry. The railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.Born poor and having only a mediocre education, Vanderbilt used perseverance, intelligence, and luck to work his way into leadership positions in the inland water trade and invest in the rapidly growing railroad industry. -
Phonograph
This was invented by Tom Edison in 1877. Edison's phonograph was the first to be able to reproduce the recorded sound. His phonograph originally recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet wrapped around a rotating cylinder.To recreate the sound, the surface is similarly rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and is therefore vibrated by it, very faintly reproducing the recorded sound. The vibration waves create the sounds. -
Immigration
There was a rapid immigration between Italians, Jews, Russians, Greeks, Spanish, Germans ect. They all came to America in better search for work. Most of the immigrants did alot of labor work such as building railroads, canals and supplying food from factories. Many of the cities began to boom because of the new change. Immigrants didnt intend to stay long, wanted to settle and gain enough money to eventually return. -
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The Gilded Age
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Killing the Buffalo
Buffalo were very important to the Native American way of life, their main source for food, clothing and they never hunted more than they needed to. White American hunters knew that by nearly extincting the buffalo was a way to harm Natives. There were perhaps 30 to 60 million American bison, also known as the American buffalo, roaming the American plains in the mid-19th century, and only a few thousand was remained by the late 1800's -
Literacy Tests
A literacy test refers to state government practices of administering tests to prospective voters purportedly to test their literacy in order to vote. In practice, these tests were intended to disenfranchise African-Americans. For other nations, literacy tests have been a matter of immigration policy. The literacy tests were also administered to prospective voters and used to disenfranchise African Americans and others. -
Chinese Exclusion Act
This was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States. Those on the West Coast were especially prone to attribute declining wages and economic ills on the despised Chinese workers. Due to complaints by workers on the West Coast that competition from Chinese immigrants was driving down their wages and threatening white racial purity. The law was renewed in 1892 for another ten years, and in 1902 Chinese immigration was permanently banned. -
Buffalo Bill's wild west show
This was the birth of the Wild West as a successful genre was largely a product of personality, dramatic acumen, and good timing. The golden age of outdoor shows began in the 1880s, and with his theatre experience Buffalo Bill already was skilled in the use of press agentry and poster advertising. His fame and credibility as a westerner lent star appeal and an aura of authenticity. Most important. -
Pendelton act
This is a United States federal law, enacted in 1883, which established that positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation. It stopped the appointment of people to governmental offices merely because of their political affiliation or their connection to the president. A crucial result was the shift of the parties to reliance on funding from business, since they could no longer depend on patronage hopefuls. -
Hay-market Riot
May 4th, was a day that the protest was planned for killed strikers at Haymarket Square, Chicago. 300 police came to break-up the crowd, only 7 people died, from the bomb explosions. Angry police attack the crowds with barons and guns. The Riot was viewed a setback for the organized labor movement in America, which was fighting for such rights as the eight-hour workday. At the same time, the men convicted in connection with the riot were viewed by many in the labor movement as martyrs. -
Dawes severally act
Also called the General Allotment Act, it tried to dissolve Indian tribes by redistributing the land. Designed to forestall growing Indian poverty, it resulted in many Indians losing their lands to speculators. This was called for a break-up of reservations. The assimilation of Natives into American Christian society. -
Jane Addams
She was an advocate of immigrants, the poor, women, and peace. She also authored numerous articles and books, she founded the first settlement house in the United States. Her best known book, Twenty Years at Hull House, was about the time she spent at the settlement house. Addams made speeches about the needs of the neighborhood, raised money, took care of children, nursed the sick. Also wanted to improve the conditions in the industrial districts of Chicago. -
Sherman Anti-trust act
This passed by Congress in 1890 under the presidency of Benjamin Harrison. The first law to limit monopolies in the United States. This wanted to create a fairer competition in the workforce and to limit any take-over's of departments of merchandise. Ironically, its only effective use for a number of years was against labor unions, which were held by the courts to be illegal combinations. -
Slums
The living conditions during urbanization were terrible, trash piled up in the streets, drinking water was poor, sewage systems were ineffective, air quality was terrible, animal droppings were everywhere. Most people lived in Tenements in slums that were way too over-populated and unsanitary. Slum life In New York City During the Nineteenth Century was wealth flowed during the 1880s and 90s, but only to the upper areas of society. -
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Imperialism
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motion picture camera
Motion picture cameras were invented and film production companies started to be established. Because of the limits of technology, films of the 1890s were under a minute long and until 1927 motion pictures were produced without sound. -
Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola was first invented in1892, Originally intended as a patent medicine, it was invented in the late 19th century by John Pemberton and was bought out by businessman Asa Griggs Candler, whose marketing tactics led Coca-Cola to its dominance of the world soft-drink market throughout the 20th century. The Coca-Cola Company also sells concentrate for soda fountains of major restaurants and foodservice distributors. -
World’s Columbian Exposition 1893
This was a world's fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492. Exposition was an influential social and cultural event and had a profound effect on architecture, sanitation, the arts, Chicago's self-image, and American industrial optimism. Its scale and grandeur far exceeded the other world's fairs, and it became a symbol of the emerging American Exceptionalism. -
Depression of 1893
The Panic of 1893 was a national economic crisis set off by the collapse of two of the country's largest employers, the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and the National Cordage Company. It had many people out of jobs and in debt of loans. Following of the failure of these two companies, a panic erupted on the stock market. Hundreds of businesses had overextended themselves, borrowing money to expand their operations. -
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Progressive Era
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Bicycle Craze
1896 found the United States in the middle of a bicycle craze. Recent technological innovation brought about changes in material and design that made the late nineteenth century bicycle a lighter, smoother, and faster ride than ever before. By 1896, there were over 150 bicycle factories in the United States, producing over 1,000 different makes of bicycles for men, women, and children. They were used for recreation and exercise, and in some cases, even for political campaigning. -
Klondike Gold Rush
An event of migration estimated to be about 100,000 people prospecting to the Klondike region of north-western Canada in the Yukon region. Gold was discovered in many rich deposits along the Klondike River in 1896, but due to the remoteness of the region and the harsh winter climate the news of gold couldn’t travel fast enough to reach the outside world before the following year. It took people years to reach the Klondike. -
Treaty Of Paris
Treaty of Paris ends Spanish-American War France, the Treaty of Paris is signed, formally ending the Spanish-American War and granting the United States its first overseas empire.The Spanish-American War had its origins in the rebellion against Spanish rule that began in Cuba in 1895. The repressive measures that Spain took to suppress the guerrilla war, such as herding Cuba’s rural population into disease-ridden garrison towns. -
Battle of San Juan Hill/San Juan Heights
Theodore Roosevelt led his “Rough Riders” up the San Juan Heights against heavy artillery fire to help end the Spanish-American War. The United States force, defeated greatly outnumbered Spanish forces at San Juan Hill and Kettle Hill near the Spanish stronghold of Santiago de Cuba.The "Rough Riders" enlisted cowboys and college men led by Roosevelt under the command of Leonard Wood. They arrived in Cuba in time to take part in the Battle of San Juan Hill. -
Yellow Journalism
Yellow journalism was more of an exaggeration in the news,also it was a style of newspaper reporting that emphasized sensationalism over facts. During its heyday in the late 19th century it was one of many factors that helped push the United States and Spain into war in Cuba and the Philippines, leading to the acquisition of overseas territory by the United States. This is a term first coined during the famous newspaper wars between William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer II. -
George Dewey
He was Admiral of the Navy, the only person in United States history to have attained the rank. He is best known for his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War. Upon his graduation from the Naval Academy in 1857, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in 1861. During the Civil War he served with Admiral Farragut during the Battle of New Orleans and as part of the Atlantic blockade. -
U.S.S Maine Incident
U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, killing 268 men and shocking the American populace. Of the two-thirds of the crew who perished, only 200 bodies were recovered and 76 identified. The sinking of the Maine, which had been in Havana since February 15, 1898, on an official observation visit, was a climax in pre-war tension between the United States and Spain. In the American press. Although blame was never formally placed on the Spanish, implication was clear. -
Temperance
It was at a time when women really wanted for alcohol to be banned, especially because of the result their husbands would do when they came home drunk. They would beat them. During the early nineteenth century, many citizens of the United States became convinced that many Americans were living in an immoral manner. Alcohol had a very negative affect on people and their daily lives, it was being consumed too much. -
Education
Majority of all the schools were public, and many students have increased in population. By 1900, 31 states required 8- to 14-year-olds to attend school. For African Americans and immigrants, it wasn't as easy. African Americans went to private schools and any immigrants who attended public schools had to be "Americanized" and learned to not speak their own first native language. -
Teddy Roosevelt
He was the youngest president at the age of 42. He was vice president to McKinley, he was a very like-able man because of his energy & enthusiasm. Also he saved the life of a bear-cub and was given the nickname, "Teddy". Roosevelt was a populist, he filed suits against trusts, and public interest was his priority. Roosevelt won a Nobel Peace Prize for his negotiations to end the Russo-Japanese War and spearheaded the beginning of construction on the Panama Canal. He soon left the White House. -
Big Stick Policy
International negotiations backed by the threat of force. The phrase comes from a proverb quoted by Theodore Roosevelt, who said that the United States should “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” President Roosevelt used Big Stick diplomacy in many foreign policy situations. He brokered an agreement for an American-led canal through Panama, expanded American influence in Cuba, and negotiated a peace treaty between Russia and Japan. For this, Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906. -
Philippine-American War
Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris. On February 4, 1899, just two days before the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty, fighting broke out between American forces and Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo who sought independence rather than a change in colonial rulers. Philippine-American War lasted three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants. -
Russo-Japanese War
This war was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea. The major theatres of operations were the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden in Southern Manchuria and the seas around Korea, Japan and the Yellow Sea. The War held great international significance, as it was the first all-out war of the modern era. As a result, the Russian Empire and Tsar Nicholas II lost considerable prestige, along with two of their three naval fleets. -
Meat inspection act
American law that makes it a crime to adulterate or misbrand meat and meat products being sold as food, and ensures that meat and meat products are good and healthy. Theodore Roosevelt on June 30, 1906, that prohibited the sale of adulterated or mis-branded livestock and derived products as food and ensured that livestock were slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions. -
Muller V. Oregon
Women were provided by state mandate, lesser work-hours than allotted to men. The posed question was whether women's liberty to negotiate a contract with an employer should be equal to a man's. The law did not recognize sex-based discrimination in 1908. It was unfair to women because they could not earn as much as men. -
Henry Ford
Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863, near Michigan. He was an American automobile manufacturer who created the Ford Model T car in 1908 and went on to develop the assembly line mode of production, which revolutionized the industry. As a result, Ford sold millions of cars and became a world-famous company head. More than for his profits, Ford became renowned for his revolutionary vision, the manufacture of an inexpensive automobile made by skilled workers who earn steady wages. -
Carrie A. Nation
Carry Nation entered the temperance movement in 1890, when a U.S. Supreme Court decision in favor of the importation and sale of liquor in “original packages”. Alone or accompanied by hymn-singing women, she would march into a saloon and proceed to sing, pray, hurl biblical-sounding vituperations, and smash the bar fixtures and stock with a hatchet. At one point, her fervour led her to invade the governor’s chambers at Topeka. -
Election of 1912
Former President Theodore Roosevelt after he lost the presidential nomination of the Republican Party to his former protege, incumbent President William Howard Taft. The Republicans nominate Taft, and this soon results in the Progressive party, or "Bull Moose" party. After the convention, Roosevelt, and other progressive Republicans established the Progressive Party. The new party attracted several Republican officeholders, although nearly all of them remained loyal to the Republican Party. -
17th amendment
This was part of a wave of progressive constitutional reforms that sought to make the Constitution, and our nation, more democratic. It gave Americans the right to vote directly for their Senators, thereby strengthening the link between citizens and the federal government. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. -
Federal Reserve Act
The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 established the Federal Reserve System as the central bank of the United States to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial system. The law sets out the purposes, structure, and functions of the System as well as outlines aspects of its operations and accountability. Congress has the power to amend the Federal Reserve Act, which it has done several times over the years. -
Dollar Diplomacy
President William Howard Taft and Secretary of State Philander C. Knox followed a foreign policy characterized as “dollar diplomacy.” This was an economic policy used in Latin America to provide loans to nations for their loyalty instead of threatening military intervention. In Latin American and surrounding countries dollar diplomacy had a positive and negative effect on world trade. There were also negative outcomes because of dollar diplomacy on some countries. -
Anti-Japanese Laws
The Anti-Japanese Exclusion Movement came on the heels of the earlier Chinese exclusion movement. When Chinese laborers began immigrating to the U.S., especially the West Coast, in the mid-nineteenth century in pursuit of work, other groups as well. In particular, these exclusions objected to background and morality of these immigrants who were mostly laborers, prostitutes, arguing that as "non-Christians" these immigrants lacked basic morals and as such would be detrimental to American society. -
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
He was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia and, from 1896 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia. This caused the Central Powers including Germany and Austria-Hungary and Serbia's allies to declare war on each other, starting World War I. -
Central Powers
World War One is between the Central Powers and the Allies. The Central Powers consist of Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire entered the war on the side of the Central Powers on October 29, 1914. Bulgaria came in on October 14, 1915. They were defeated by the allied powers. -
Schlieffen Plan
The name was given after World War I to the thinking behind the German invasion of France and Belgium on 4 August 1914. Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen, the Chief of the Imperial Army German General Staff from 1891 to 1906, devised a deployment plan for a war-winning offensive, in a one-front war against the French Third Republic. Germany would face France in the west and Russia in the east, and would need to defeat France within six weeks before Russia demolished their troops. -
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World War 1
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Pancho Villa
He was the Mexican Revolution leader. The U.S. supported Villa in more ways than simply behind a lens. After the numerous battles that occurred, Carranza rose to power in 1914. Disappointed with Carranza's skills as a leader, a rebellion broke out yet again, with Villa joining forces with Zapata and President Woodrow Wilson to bring down Carranza. After a coup by Victoriano Huerta, Villa formed his own army to oppose the dictator, with more battles to follow as Mexican leader. He died in 1923. -
Great Migration
The Great Migration was the relocation of more than 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North, Midwest and West from about 1916 to 1970. Driven from their homes by unsatisfactory economic opportunities and harsh segregationist laws, many blacks headed north, where they took advantage of the need for industrial workers that first arose during the First World War. They wanted to create a path for future African-Americans. -
U-boats
Germany announces the renewal of unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic as German torpedo-armed submarines prepare to attack any and all ships, including civilian passenger carriers, said to be sighted in war-zone waters.When World War I erupted in 1914, President Woodrow Wilson pledged neutrality for the United States, a position that the vast majority of Americans favored. Germany announced unrestricted warfare against all ships. -
Zimmerman Telegram
The Zimmerman Telegram, a message from the German foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman, to the German ambassador to Mexico proposing a Mexican-German alliance in the case of war between the United States and Germany, is published on the front pages of newspapers across America. It intercepted and deciphered by British intelligence, Zimmerman instructed the ambassador, Bernstorff, to offer significant financial aid to Mexico if it agreed to enter any future U.S-German conflict as a German ally. -
Hysteria
On the outbreak of the First World War anyone who could speak in German was suspected on being a spy. Graham Greene was a schoolboy in Beckhamstead at the time.The reason for the hostility towards dachshunds was that at the beginning of the war they were seen as a symbol of Germany. Political cartoonists commonly used the image of the dog to ridicule Germany. -
American Expeditionary Force
In May 1917, General John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing was designated the supreme commander of the American army in France, and the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) were created. Although the first American troops arrived in Europe in June 1917, the AEF did not fully participate at the front until October, when the First Division, one of the best-trained divisions of the AEF, entered the trenches at Nancy, France. AEF commanders increasingly assumed sole control of American forces in combat. -
14 points
These points were later taken as the basis for peace negotiations at the end of the war. In this January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms, President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I. These points seek to spread the principles of democracy in Europe with the key being the concept of the ‘self determination of all
peoples.’ The points have specific provisions dealing with Russia/Belgium/France. -
Francis Willard
She was a very intelligent woman. Willard graduated from Northwest Female College in 1859, then taught in a public school setting until 1868. She then left for a world tour with a friend and returned in 1870 to become the president of the Evanston College for Ladies. The educator abandoned this promising career to the less promising life of a mover and shaker in the Temperance Movement. She became the corresponding secretary of the Chicago Woman`s Christian Temperance Union. -
Cars
It made transportation for people faster and easier. Price on steam powered engines, either to build or maintain was incomparable to the gas powered engines. Not only was the price a problem, but the risk of a boiler explosion also kept the steam engine from becoming popular. The combustion engine continually beat out the competition, and the early American automobile pioneers like Henry Ford built reliable combustion engines, rejecting the ideas of steam or electrical power from the start. -
Anti- Saloon League
The Anti-Saloon League was lead by Howard Hyde Rusell, the leading organization promoting National Prohibition in the U.S. It was a non-partisan political pressure group that began in 1893. A single-issue lobbying group, it had branches across the country. It worked with churches in marshaling resources for the prohibition. Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages from 1920 to 1933 -
World Christian Fundamentals Association
It was an interdenominational organization founded in 1919 by the Baptist minister William Bell Riley of the First Baptist Church, Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was originally formed to launch "a new Protestantism" based upon premillennial interpretations of biblical prophecy, but soon turned its focus more towards opposition to evolution -
18th amendment
The 18th Amendment called for the banning of the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages.The separate Volstead Act set down methods for enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment, and defined which "intoxicating liquors" were prohibited, and which were excluded from prohibition. President Woodrow Wilson vetoed the bill, but the House of Representatives overrode the veto, and the Senate did so as well the next day. The Amendment was in effect for the following 13 years. -
19th amendment
The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex. Many women wanted this law to pass to be able to prove that they deserve equal rights and work just like any male. This was very big movement for women's suffrage.The women's suffrage movement was founded in the mid-19th century by women who were activists. -
Red Scare
As the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States intensified in the late 1940s and early 1950s, hysteria over the perceived threat posed by Communists in the U.S. became known as the Red Scare. The intense rivalry between the two superpowers raised concerns in the United States that Communists and leftist sympathizers inside America might actively work as Soviet spies and pose a threat to U.S. security. The fear linked to the Red Scare finally began to ease by the late 1950s. -
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1920's
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Volstead Act
The 66th Congress overrode President Woodrow Wilson’s veto of the National Prohibition Act. Known as the Volstead Act, after Judiciary Chairman Andrew Volstead of Minnesota, this law was introduced by the House to implement the Prohibition Amendment by defining the process and procedures for banning alcoholic beverages, as well as their production and distribution. The Volstead Act remained in effect until the passage of the 21st Amendment, which repealed Prohibition in 1933. -
Tea Pot Dome Scandal
The Tea-pot scandal of the early 1920s surrounding the secret leasing of federal oil reserves by the secretary of the interior, Albert Bacon Fall. After Pres. Warren G. Harding transferred supervision of the naval oil-reserve lands from the navy to the Department of the Interior in 1921, Fall secretly granted to Harry F. Sinclair of the Mammoth Oil Company exclusive rights to the Teapot Dome reserves. When the affair became known, Congress directed President Harding to cancel the leases. -
Immigration Act of 1924
A provision in the 1924 law barred entry to those ineligible for citizenship — effectively ending the immigration of all Asians into the United States and undermining the earlier "Gentlemen`s Agreement" with Japan. Efforts by Secretary of State Hughes to change this provision were not successful and actually inflamed the passions of the anti-Japanese press, which was especially strong on the West Coast. -
Ku Klux Klan
Ku Klux Klan, either of two distinct U.S. hate organizations that have employed terror in pursuit of their white supremacist agenda. One group was founded immediately after the Civil War and lasted until the 1870s; the other began in 1915 and has continued to the present. They have focused on opposition to the Civil Rights Movement, often using violence and murder to suppress activists. It is classified as a hate group by the Anti-Defamation League and the Southern Poverty Law Center. -
Charles Lindberg
He was an American aviator, he made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean on May 20-21, 1927. Other pilots had crossed the Atlantic before him. But Lindbergh was the first person to do it alone nonstop. In childhood, Lindbergh showed exceptional mechanical ability. At the age of 18 years, he entered the University of Wisconsin to study engineering. However, Lindbergh was more interested in the exciting, young field of aviation than he was in school. -
Black Tuesday
The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as Black Tuesday, the Great Crash, or the Stock Market Crash of 1929, began on October, and was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States. It was one of the great indicators of The Great Depression. By 1933, nearly half of America's banks had failed, and unemployment was approaching 15 million people, or 30 percent of the workforce. -
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The Great Depression
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Bonus March
The summer of 1932, In the years after World War I, a long battle over providing a bonus payment to WWI veterans raged between Congress and the White House. There was about 40 thousand veterans, who demanded early payment on bonuses. But the camps attracted an undesirable element as well. President Hoover later claimed “the march was largely organized and promoted by the Communists". So the army removed veterans force-fully and the removal was blamed on Hoover. -
Election of 1932
It was between Republican Herbert Hoover, and Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt. Hoover's blame for the bonus march basically sealed his fate. He was very "anti-social" towards the people unlike his opponent Roosevelt. F.D.R. runs a conservative campaign and wins very overwhelmingly. Also he is the 5th cousin of Teddy, and he was very liked and favored, elected 4 times. Roosevelt’s victory would be the first of five successive Democratic presidential wins. -
Emergency Relief Act
President Roosevelt had created in 1933 to operate relief programs. One of these, the New York state program TERA (Temporary Emergency Relief Administration), was set up in 1931 and headed by Harry Hopkins, a close adviser to Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt asked Congress to set up FERA—which gave grants to the states. Along with the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) it was the first relief operation under the New Deal. Basically, it gave grants and loans to states. -
Glass-Stegall Act
Apart from separating commercial and investment banking, the Glass-Steagall Act also created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which guaranteed bank deposits up to a specified limit. The partial repeal of Glass-Steagall. After decades of lobbying and proposed legislation, some Glass-Steagall provisions were repealed in 1999, when the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act was signed. Glass-Steagall's opponents had objected to what they perceived as over-regulation of the banking industry. -
20th amendment
The 20th amendment is a simple amendment that sets the dates at which federal (United States) government elected offices end. In also defines who succeeds the president if the president dies. This amendment was ratified on January 23, 1933. It has different sections that apply to the presidents and the congress. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3rd day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. -
Social Security Act
The Social Security Act was signed into law by President Roosevelt on August 14, 1935. In addition to several provisions for general welfare, the new Act created a social insurance program designed to pay retired workers age 65 or older a continuing income after retirement. However, the widespread suffering caused by the Great Depression brought support for numerous proposals for a national old-age insurance system. That is why the social security act is invented, and it is still used today. -
The new deal
This was put in process to serve against the depression. It lasted from 1933-1938. The government instituted a series of experimental projects and programs, known collectively as the New Deal, that aimed to restore some measure of dignity and prosperity to many Americans. More than that, Roosevelt’s New Deal permanently changed the federal government’s relationship to the U.S. populace.F.D.R.promised that he would act swiftly to face the “dark realities of the moment” -
Annexation of Austria
In early 1938, Austrian Nazis conspired for the second time in four years to seize the Austrian government by force and unite their nation with Nazi Germany. Austrian Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg, learning of the conspiracy, met with Nazi leader Adolf Hitler in the hopes of reasserting his country’s independence but was instead bullied into naming several top Austrian Nazis to his cabinet. The Nazis, he pleaded with Austrian forces not to resist a German “advance” into the country. -
Period: to
World War 2
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Hitler
Hitler, the leader of Germany’s Nazi Party, was one of the most powerful and notorious dictators of the 20th century. Hitler capitalized on economic woes, popular discontent and political infighting to take absolute power in Germany beginning in 1933. The German invasion of Poland in 1939, led to the World war 2. After the tide of war turned against him, Hitler committed suicide in a Berlin bunker in April 1945. -
The Dust Bowl
The Dust Bowl was caused by several economic and agricultural factors, including federal land policies, changes in regional weather, farm economics and other cultural factors. After the Civil War, a series of federal land acts coaxed pioneers westward by farming in the Great Plains. It is also known as “the Dirty Thirties,” lasted for about a decade, but its long-term economic impacts on the region lasted much longer. A series of drought years followed. -
Eleanor Roosevelt
After Eleanor Roosevelt became reacquainted with her distant cousin Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1902, the two embarked on a clandestine relationship. They were engaged in 1903. Redefining the role of the first lady, she advocated for human and women's rights, held press conferences and penned her own column. After leaving the White House in 1945, Eleanor became chair of the U.N.'s Human Rights Commission. The groundbreaking first lady died in 1962 in New York City. -
P-51 Mustang
A veteran of World War II and the Korean War, North American Aviation’s P-51 Mustang was the first U.S. built fighter airplane to push its nose over Europe after the fall of France. Mustangs met and conquered every German plane from the early Junkers to the sleek, twin-jet Messerschmitt 262s.The Mustang was the first single-engine plane based in Britain to penetrate Germany, first to reach Berlin, first to go with the heavy bombers over the Ploiesti oil fields. -
German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Europe enemies Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union surprised the world by signing the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, in which the two countries agreed to take no military action against each other for the next 10 years. The pact also contained a secret agreement in which the Soviets and Germans agreed how they would later divide up Eastern Europe. The German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact fell apart in June 1941, when Nazi forces invaded the Soviet Union. -
Vernon J. Baker
In the summer of 1941, Baker had finally grown tired of his life on the railroad, and enlisted in the Army that June. He was assigned to the segregated 270th Regiment of the 92nd Infantry Division, the first black unit to go into combat in World War II. One evening Baker, on night patrol, ran into a German sentry. In the duel that followed, Baker killed the German but was wounded so badly himself. Baker was the only living black WWII veteran to earn the Congressional Medal of Honor. -
Dwight D. Eisenhower
He was an American Army general and statesman who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, he was a five-star general in the United States Army and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe. He was also the first American President to be bound by the 22nd Amendment, which limits the number of times one can be elected to the office of President of the United States. -
Joseph Stalin
He was born into poverty, but soon became the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 1929 to 1953. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower. However, he ruled by terror, and millions of his own citizens died during his brutal reign. Once in power, he collectivized farming and had potential enemies executed or sent to forced labor camps. Stalin aligned with the United States and Britain in World War 2. -
National Socialist-German Workers’ Party
This grew into a mass movement and ruled Germany through totalitarian means from 1933 to 1945. Founded in 1919 as the German Workers’ Party, the group promoted German pride and anti-Semitism, and expressed dissatisfaction with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the 1919 peace settlement that ended World War I. Hitler soon emerged as a charismatic public speaker and began speeches blaming Jews and Marxists for the problems, After Germany’s defeat in World War II, the Nazi Party was outlawed. -
General George Marshall
During World War II, Marshall as Army Chief of Staff, was the most important military figure in the U.S. military establishment and of great significance in maintaining the Anglo-American coalition. After the war, he was named special ambassador to China, Secretary of State, ect. Our nation cannot be overstated. He was the organizer of victory and the architect of peace during and following World War II. He won the war, and he won the peace. His characteristics of honesty, integrity. -
The Holocaust
This was mainly revolved around Hitler's hate for the Jews. To the anti-Semitic Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, Jews were an inferior race, an alien threat to German racial purity and community. After years of Nazi rule in Germany, during which Jews were consistently persecuted, Hitler’s “final solution”–now known as the Holocaust–came to fruition under the cover of world war, with mass killing centers constructed in the concentration camps of occupied Poland. It was a very traumatic time in history.
