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Europeans can’t meddle in Latin American affairsRoosevelt’s Corollary: US can, will and should intervene in Latin American affairs
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Social unrestCommunication advancements
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Marx and Engles believed that the proletariat (having witnessed the lower classes conquer wealthier classes) has the ability and should take the bourgeoisie out of power.
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Prosperous time2nd reform bill of 1867: gives the vote to the working class which doubled the voting populace
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Mini war called: The Indian Mutiny (by the British) or The First War of Independence (by the Indians)
Indians against the British East India Company -
Sought to regulate the competition between the powers by defining "effective occupation" as the criterion for international recognition of territorial claims.
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(Spanish) Government vs JuntosAmerica helps fight off the Spanish govt for Cuba, but does not annex Cuba, allows it to stay independent
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Peace treaty was ratified by Spain and US, Philippines became the US’s first colonyFilipinos now fight against US instead of Spain for independence.IN THE END US ANNEXED PHILIPPINES
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Everyone can freely trade with China
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Absolute monarch, divine right unwilling to compromise.Russia is not industrial, massive amount of land, inflation, famine, bad economic conditions, population boom and bad farming tools.
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Revolts began due to a transitioning world with new spheres of influence since China had an imperial rule based on divine Right
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Literary rates increase, production of newspaper increaseSignificant divide between the working and wealthy classAdvances in Quantum physics
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Russia joined the war to help the Tsar maintain power over military (and support of the people)- tries to grab land in this war
Russia loses and the opposite of what they hoped for happened -
End Ruso-Japanes WarUniversal SuffrageBetter working conditionsThe petitioners are killed by the Tsar, stirs up more unrest
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New Cultural Movement emerges based on desire to change during political turmoil – seeking out western ideology because of U.S. influence This concept strays away from Confucianism (a religion based on tradition that believes society as to be structured with reverence and hierarchy to be good and that members must know their place in society and act in that role) and onto western equilization – just as Sun Yat Sen did
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Sun Yat-Sen establishes Chinese Republic, becomes president and founds the KMT
The Three People's Prinicples: 1) Nationalism 2) Democracy and 3) Equilization
Leads to guided democracy -
US President
Tried to keep the US out of WWI until absolutely necessary
14 points after WWI -
For 3 years on behalf of Serbia who is fighting Austria-Hungry.Conditions worsen in Russia
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Starts with the assassignation of Frans Ferdinand (an Austria-Hungarian leader) by a bosnian. The Central Alliance (Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungry) gets upset by the assassignation, go to war vs. The Triple Entante (Russia, France, and England)
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Frans Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungry is assassignated by a Bosnian. Allies of Austria-Hungry [The Central Allies (Italy, Germany, A-H)] come to the defense of Austria-Hungry. WWI has begun
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Revolt of the people against the TsarTsar abdicatesKerensky and the provisional government take power
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Revolt against the provisional governmentLenin and the Bolsheviks take power.Lenin promised “bread, peace, and land”
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Officially ends Russia’s involvement in WWI1/3 land lost and ½ industrial capability lostLenin sacrifices “bread and land” for “peace”
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Made to prevent another WW after WWI
No secret alliancesFree tradeRestore balance of powerRestore BelgiumCreate League of Nations -
White Army- Kulaks, anti-BolsheviksRed Army- Bolsheviks, socialistsGreen Army- Want own independence in other providencesWar communism- Lenin enforces this during the warMass inflationNear universal nationalizationMonopoly on agricultureForced labor
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Prohibits sale, manufacture, and transport of alcoholEventually repealed in 1933
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Americans are afraid of the Bolshevik model (communism) taking rule in AmericaFear of radicalism
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End of WWI
Open Door Policy -
protest to government about weak response to Treaty of Versailles Westernism failsInfluence of Northern Neighbor (Russia) sparks CCP
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National American women suffrage
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During WWI labor boomed since their was less competition for jobsWhen the soldiers returned jobs and the industry turned back around
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Nonviolent protester for Indian independence
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Chinese Communist Party ConferenceMao Zedong becomes leader
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US President
Died in office -
US President
Lassiez Faire Econ Policy
Neutral Foriegn Policy -
Trotsky vs. Stalin:Trotsky: intellectual, international MarxistStalin: Great organizer of peopleStalin exiles Trotsky to Mexico where he is killedStalin takes power in Russia
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Chiang takes over KMT Nationalist Party because he controlled the army previously
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British say they will support Jews going to Israel as long as they do not interfere with anyone already there
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Mississippi River overflowed banks in 7 statesWater destroyed farms, crops, and agriculture along the Mississippi RiverThe economy is connected (agriculture and industry) so when one is hurt, the other gets hurt
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The government controlled the economy at the timeThe federal reserve was in control of deflation and inflationFunded the US troopsThe monetary policy was that the money was based on the gold standardThe Stock Market CrashBasically the market was based on speculative spending, so when it didn’t pay out, people didn’t have the money they planned on getting.People started to panic and a lot of people started selling their stocks, as the value of them were instable
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India National congress allies with Gandhi and Nehru (leaders of congress)
Series of non violent protests -
US President
Elected because he was the Secretary of Commerce during the Great Flood, and was associated with the 1920's a prosperous time in the US
Didn't handle Great Depression well "hoovervilles" -
Drought led to dry land in the plains, which led to massive dust storms, which destroyed crops.Black Sunday 1935 was the worst dust stormSame as Mississippi Flood: hurt the agricultural economy, and since the economies are connected, indirectly hurt industry.
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Protectionism is when a government sets a tax on all foreign imported goods, to encourage Americans to buy American-made productsOther countries put tariffs on American items in retaliation for the tariff on their goods
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Mao teams up with Chaing to conquer the Northern provinces
While simultaneously they both want to destroy each other
Soviets have issues with this team since they want to team up with Mao
Soviets: build up separate armies and want Mao to team with them, only wants to redistribute wealth to proletariat (urban working class)
Mao: wants to redistribute to everyone, proletariat is agricultural working class – peasant based movement and teams up with Chiang instead..Mao gets destroyed -
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March 9th 1933 FDR calls for a national banking “holiday”
FDR’s solution to all of the problemsRecovery, Relief, and Reform -
Right wing of spectrumElected president (military power)Goes to U.S. because he wants to be reelected
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US President
New Deal -
Mao retreats because he is ill prepared – 8000 men left when Chiang wins and defeats himThen Mao reunites the Communist Party under Maoist Principles Meanwhile, the U.S. cares who gets China because we’re based on containment and China would be a huge expansion to communism – therefore we support Chiang
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British appease India because they are getting too hard to keep under controlBritain says they will no longer control Indian affairs but will maintain control over military and foreign affiairs Once WWII occurs Britain is economically devastated and can no longer afford so many colonies
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Genocide on non-Aryan peoples
People with best genes should pair with other superiors, create master Aryan raceWork camp, people worked to death -
US allows other countries to come get war supplies for cash
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Germany takes Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Denmark, NorwayMussolini militarizes Italy
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Sparks WWII
Before he does so he signs the Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact, since Russia was the only country powerful enough to stop himBritain and France declare war on Germany (Sept 3) -
Germany fights Britain in the sky 3 month battle- Hitler calls his men offTurn of WWII
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Germany and Italy, who are aligned with Japan, declare war on the US
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US gives other countries war supplies, for credit to-be paid back
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US navy base in Hawaii is attacked by Kamikaze pilots
US gets pulled into WWII after being attacked by Japan (December 8, 1941) -
US vs JapanTurning point of the war in the pacific- US pushes back Japan
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“The Final Solution”- Hitler declares the murder of all European Jews
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Germany attacks Russia6 months later Hitler retreats due to a brutal winterTurning point, Germany starts to contract instead of expand
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US invade Normandy, takes back France from Germany, marches towards BerlinAllies take beaches in Northern France- push and liberate Paris
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Germany tries to split the allies forces in their campaign to BerlinLast German offensiveGermany fails, Allies win the war
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Post WWII tension between the two superpowers, US and Russia.
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Allies agree:
Divide GermanyBring Nazi war criminals to trial Set up Polish provisional government of national unityHelp free Europe/set up self-governing countries/allow free elections in Baltic StatesReparations -
Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria, Yemen, Iraq, and Lebanon
All countries that are against Jews in Israel -
US President
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Stalin, Atlee, Truman, Charles de GaulleWar is over
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4 zones set up in GermanyBerlin is divided Each ally power seize reparations in their zone Truman tells Stalin about bomb (Even though he already knew)West = US and East = Russia
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US nukes Hiroshima
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US nukes Nagasaki
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Atomic bombs were dropped on Japan who controls Korea U.S. took over Pacific territories besides Korea38th parallel divides Korea
NK: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (Communist – China and USSR)SK: Republic of Korea (democratic – US) -
USSR is proof that communism works Allies wouldn’t have won without Russia’s help Says he will develop new weapons (atomic bomb)New 5 year plansMust expand communism to other European countries
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Telegram sent by Kennen a American diplomat in Russia
The Necessity for ContainmentRussia is internally weaker then they let on so when there is no progress (as a result of containment) they will want change -
Belgium asserts paternalism (over-arching authority) in Congo, further pushes Congo desire for independence
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Made by Churchill
Wants to prevent war and tyranny as much as possibleWants to form alliance between U.S. and Britain Have an international armed force and welcome Russia into the UNAn “iron curtain” has been drawn and it is polarizing the world (Stalin’s sphere of influence is expanding across E. Europe – minus Czechoslovakia) -
Greece and Turkey are extremely vulnerable to communist forces in E. Europe and once Britain informed U.S. that they could no longer financially aid Greece the U.S. decides to give 400 million dollars to these unstable countriesBelieved that it was the U.S. duty to support free nations resisting outside pressures
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Issue with religious divide (Islam vs Hindu)Indian National Congress are unsuccessful at uniting the two religions Indian Muslim League founded which promoted Muslim political interests Gandhi splits with National Congress because they resort to violence and give up on unification
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US puts out 13 billion dollars to all European countries who are free to take some if they needShows how economically stable the U.S. was with their capitalist system making communism and Russia look bad
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Muslims take Pakistan to leave Hindus in India
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Goal: not bonding for political independence but for economic independence US has Monroe Doctrine (no one can meddle in our hemisphere) Clause in OAS (Article 15) that states we won’t intervene in Latin American nation and the U.S. doesn’t agree but approves anyways
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Stalin cut off all allies access to Berlin.
Great Britain and the US flew in materials and goods (chocolate bombers) which won not only Berlin support but also their hearts – showed them that they could have self determination
Stalin eventually gives up again looking bad -
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
This was formed by the U.S. and its allies due to the Berlin Blockade and the soviet capture of Czechoslovakia. It was a mutual defense treaty based on the fact that stopping Stalin was not plausible – Europe wanted military aid from the U.S. now. -
Mao and Chiang fight in a Civil War – Mao wins and China falls to communism
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Convention People's Party of Ghana demand independence now from British
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Mao now needs to help stabilize the government since the world is so polarized and china is no longer neutral They chose USSR
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Violations of agreements at Yalta and Potsdam, the Berlin Blockade, China going Communist, and Russia getting atomic bomb
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54 thousand people die
“Sour Little War” because no gain from it -
We launch a military campaign (rise in the CIA) who trains small group of Guatemalans to overthrow Arbenz – forces Arbenz to resign because there is so much fightingWe engage in a propaganda war – radio is primarily used to broadcast into Guatemala since theirs is censored
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Gamal Nasser pushes to get an Egypt for the Egyptians
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Fidel Castro (communist) ends up taking power in Cuba
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Takes power until 1970
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Replaced by Castillo Armas, a right wing dictator, who is on the US side; arrest communists, let US seem great
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High percentage of Algerians fight for France in WWII – fighting for freedom but they don’t have it
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- Everyone but Egypt have part of this canal as route to India even though its not European territory - Nasser decides to take it back and nationalize it- In response, British have Israeli soldiers move into canal to give British a “reason” to go and “save” these soldiers and make the Egyptians look bad
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Algerians fight for Independence from France
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China increases industry work, becomes a pure communist
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Ghana becomes first sub-Saharan nation to gain independence from colonial powerNkrumah then spreads anti-colonial movements and resistance through “Pan Africanism”
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WWII influences Congo because they fought for freedom but they don’t have it themselves.Similar to Asian and African countries Congo is valuable because it has lots of natural resources so Belgium resists granting independence and promises to “improve quality of life”
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Kwame Nkrumah passes this act, begins to look like a horrible dictator to his people, wants to be president for life
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King of Rwanda dies (who is Tutsi) and a power vacuum occurs so Belgians start helping Hutu take over the Tutsi by making them flee
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Charles De Gaulle, the leader of France, sets Algeria on a path to independence because of self determination influence and the Pieds Noir (French people in Algeria) flee to France
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Lumumba Left wing prime ministerAble to unite and continues with independence NOW (anti western and anti colonial rhetoric is influential in promoting the independence from Belgium)
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Hutu holds election – no more Tutsi nobility but Hutus continue attacking them to “cleanse” monarchy from the nation with Belgian support
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US is very unsuccesful in their effor to kill Castro. US is so scared of him because he presents a threat in being a communist so close to US
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Belgium leaves and Hutu stay in power while Tutsi continue to leave but start to gather forces for defense
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US finds out that Russia is supplying Cuba with nuclear weapons
"13 Days"- JFK authorizes a "quarantine" to rid Cuba of the nukes. Russia (Khrushchev) eventually complies, US later take back our nukes out of Turkey -
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Against soviet advice, Nasser looks to expandGighting colonial powers and decide he wants to get rid of Israel too
Israeli’s launch preemptive strike and a successful air attack which results in ISRAEL gaining lots of land -
Egypt gets kicked out of Arab League fro recognizing Israel’s existenceAnwar Sadat leader in Egypt – killed for being to lenient then succeeded by Hoshi Mubarak (who is fairly Moderate)
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War between RPF [Rwandan Patriotic Front: many Tutsi go to Uganda and form an army to take back their country try to come back in 1990 and set up power sharing set up] and FAR [Rwandan Armed Forces: Hutu army equipped and trained by French (willing to defend them because they are the legitimate rulers since they are majority)]
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President Habyarima supports cease fire and peace (he is a Hutu) but Hutu extremists shoot down his airplane and killed him and blamed Tutsi to get rid of the moderate message and gives Hutus a chance to attack- over the next 3 months genocide kills 1 million people (non-extreme Hutus)
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US finally able to help overthrow Mobutu in Zaire and change name back to Republic of the Congo