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sui dynasty reunified China, restarted the graned Canal, improved the northern section of the great wall -
Temüjin is born, later becoming known as Genghis Khan. -
the Mongols started to conquer many parts of china and grow there empires using war tactics -
The unification of the Mongol tribes, primarily achieved by Genghis Khan around 1206, marked a significant turning point in Mongolian history. This process involved consolidating various nomadic tribes into a single political entity, fostering a common identity among the Mongols. Genghis Khan's leadership and innovative strategies were crucial in this unification process. -
In 1219, Genghis Khan launched a full-scale invasion of the Khwarezmian Empire. He divided his forces into multiple contingents to simultaneously attack key cities. The Mongols employed superior military tactics, including mobility, psychological warfare, and siege techniques. -
After Genghis Khan's death in 1227, the empire was divided among his descendants into several khanates, each ruled by different branches of the Mongol royal family. This division was primarily due to the vastness of the territory and the challenges of governance, as well as the differing interests and ambitions of Genghis Khan's heirs. -
Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, becomes the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire after a power struggle with his brother Ariq Böke. -
Kublai Khan moves the Mongol capital from Karakorum to Khanbaliq (modern-day Beijing), establishing it as the center of his rule -
Kublai Khan officially establishes the Yuan Dynasty, marking the beginning of Mongol rule over China. He adopts the era name "Yuan" (meaning "beginning"). -
Aztecs, also known as Mexica, migrated to central Mexico in the 13th century. Founded Tenochtitlan (modern-day Mexico City) in 1325 -
Zheng He was commissioned by Emperor Yongle, who sought to expand China's influence and establish its presence in the Indian Ocean and beyond. his voyage was also to install diplomatic relations with other kingdoms, promoting trade by opening new markets in other kingdoms, and cultural exchange. -
The Mexica, Acolhua, and Tepaneca unite to dominate central Mexico. -
The Inca Empire, called Tawantinsuyu by its subjects, was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was in the city of Cusco. The Inca civilization rose from the Peruvian highlands sometime in the early 13th century. -
The Templo Mayor, or Main Temple, was the central religious structure of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, now Mexico City. It was dedicated to the gods Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc and served as a site for important rituals and offerings. The temple complex was rebuilt multiple times, reflecting the evolving architectural styles and religious practices of the Mexica people. -
The fall of Tenochtitlán, which occurred on August 13, 1521, marked a significant turning point in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. After a prolonged siege lasting about 75 days, Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his indigenous allies overcame the Mexica defenders of the city. -
After the death of Huayna Capac in 1527, a power struggle ensued between his sons, Huáscar and Atahualpa. Huáscar was initially crowned Sapa Inca by the nobility in Cuzco, while Atahualpa had the support of the military and ruled from Quito. The conflict began when Huáscar sought to consolidate power and eliminate Atahualpa's influence. Atahualpa, however, proved to be a more skilled military leader and garnered significant support. it ended in 1532. -
The Battle of Cajamarca, fought on November 16, 1532, was a crucial event in the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire. Francisco Pizarro led a small force of 168 Spanish soldiers to ambush the Inca ruler Atahualpa and his much larger army, resulting in a decisive Spanish victory. -
After Atahualpa's execution, Pizarro and his forces marched to Cuzco, the capital of the Inca Empire. They captured the city in November 1533, effectively marking the fall of the Inca Empire. -
While in captivity, Atahualpa offered a vast ransom in gold and silver for his release. The ransom was paid, but Pizarro executed him on August 29, 1533, further destabilizing the Inca leadership. -
Croups failed, floods occurred, and there was an epidemic. The Ming dynasty was conquered as Li Zicheng's rebel forces entered Beijing.