-
Period: to
Industrial Revolution
-Made modernism and capitalism happen
-product of mass production (Machine Age)
-exploration of industry = expansion of art medias
-also created tension between engineers, designers, artist, writers as there is more possibilities
-creation of applied art = functional (ex. design) as appose to only fine arts
-remember - the people lived in a world that is changing faster than ours (now) -
Period: to
Modernism
Modern = break from the past and the traditional values
Modern art = subject matter of the modern world
More about the individual and his/her view
Technique in art no longer about illusions/copy
Relate to Marxism
- Bourgeois (the middle class/ ruling class/ most power)
-Proletariats (labour class) enemy of the bourgeois
-Marxism believes capitalist exploits the labourer
-Bourgeois, not work, high profits
-Labourer, work, wages remain same -few artists are one media -
Period: to
Art Nouveau
-Meanings = young art/ new art including architecture, interior design, advertisement, etc.
-Total Style - considered a hip culture for bourgeois
-Focus on organic forms
-Use of machine
-Believe better design = better life
-Happened around the same time as an Art and Crafts Movement that is against machines and pro hand crafts
-1st movement to spread using magazines and such
-remember Gaudi and his crazy buildings, sudden new possibilities of technology = crazy ideas
-textbook page 723 -
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, At the Moulin Rouge, 1892
Artist -from an upper class yet was an oddity
-had leg of a 12 year old and upper body of a man
-therefore hanged out with "bohemian class" (prostitutes/ free spirit)
-of modern subject matter
-loose brush strokes
-liberated perspective influenced by Japanese block prints -Also did lithographs - limestone slab
-used for newspaper
-First artist to explore art in the field of advertisement
-but most images of his friends in the lower class
-bring out issue of possible capitalist gain -
Victor Horta, Tassel House,Brussels, Belgium, 1892-3
-became popular design through circulation in magazine
-international recognition
-organic forms
-use of machine/ possibility brought by Industrial Revolution
-Smooth/ relaxed feel
-Elegant - remember which class this must be build for
-can tie in with capitalism/Marxism -textbook page 724 -
Henry van de Velde, Tropon, 1898
-advertisement for food company
- 1st image of brand/logo
-example of new possibilities of artist in capitalist world -bring in the importance of Individualism
-stressing for originality and authenticity
-Self - sovereign, independent, self reliant
-all defines modern art
-but also relate to free market economy and capitalism again
-is it as it seems?
-new idea of comsumption -
Period: to
German Expressionism
-highly influenced by "The Scream"
-focus on urban vs. rural life and how it changes the mental capability of ppl
-art not viewed as decoration but something from the artist that connects to viewer
-reflects/ influenced by war, pain, death, ect. -1 term two movements -Bridge and Blue Rider Expressionism = use of colour, line, and form to express the physiological state of the artist -
Period: to
Fauvism - "Wild Beast"
-First to move from local colour (colour natural to eye)
-used colour for expression
-same interest as Impressionist's in nature
-and post-Impressionist's interest in colour
-Financed by dealers - critic-dealer system
-commission of 60% of sold work
-demonstrates capitalist nature of art world
-Financial freedom from academy and therefore created notions of Ad Van-Garde
-shown in salons juried by non-academy
-work very popular though artist viewed themselves as avant-garde -
Henri Matisse, The Green Stripe (Portraitof Madame Matisse), 1905
-inspired by African Dance Mask
-Primitivism - did not care what the mask really is used for
-can be viewed as negative barbaric, etc
-or liberation for artists
-believed in "doing what I want" - marketing individuality
-some works are almost abstract, with raw canvas peeking through
-Matisse's work as viewed as offensive
-to the extent that his wife cannot go view work for danger
-Interest in aesthetics - art as a good armchair (soothing)
-inspiration of abstract art -
Period: to
Bridge
-Had a manifesto - laid out artistic viewpoint
-anyone older than 70 is dead - youth movement
-young, forceful, original
-believed in change = move to a perfect human
-believed in arts and crafts
-worked together, not a day job but life style
-Prioritize nature - organized trips together
-annual portfolio with printed version of work -
Maurice de Vlaminck, The Blue House, 1906
-Viewed himself as political Avant-garde
-Ad Van-Garde="elite troops"
-break from tradition, detach from main stream
-2 branches - political and aesthetic
-"throw pot of paint at public's face"
-read political work during war commission
-Anarchy - refuse to submit individualism to authority
-Work has lots of texture - squeezed paint right on canvas
-remember that Fauvism became so popular that they lost critical edge even if they did want to throw paint at public's face -
Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907
-had interest in painting the outcasts even before "cubism" style
-Concern about sexual disease in Paris - the prostitution health care for prostitutes to protect the upper class
-Analytical Cubist style
-Picasso was in a dealer/critic system, same dealer as Fauve artists
-again, capitalist issues
-also, became so popular that dealer afraid to lose artists (brings up other issues)
-believed artist have sexual liberality
-still traditional subjects but different way of painting it -
Period: to
Analytical Cubism
-fragmented, use of canvas, mainly earth tones
-believed/influence by quote "perception is subjective"
-tried to created the view of artist by using multiple viewpoints thus eliminating space
-also in dealer/critic system
-style became more and more fragmented to the point of abstraction
-made point to not go that far
-during which Piccaso and Braque worked together closely
-influenced abstract artist to go that far? -
Period: to
Cubism
-influenced by Cezanne who never shown in salon (considered a mockery)
-Picasso and Braque main artists but did not "create" Cubism
-did not start off with the style but quite "normal" looking paintings until...
-also inspired by African sculpture both representational and anti-naturalistic
-bring in primitivism again
-2 stages -Analytic and Synthetic
-did not wish to be abstract and made point to include known objects to steer away from it
-invented collage
-lead to abstraction? -
Period: to
Futurism
-mainly in Italy but spread international (had a manifesto)
-interested in WAR! Believed it will lead to better world
-if the old doesn't leave, the new can't come
-over 30 = dead
-remind one of Bridge?
-politically avant-garde
-First to sign up for war...
-short lived as once war started, most died or traumatized
-more like an ideology than style
-believed in burning museums (out with old)
-SPEED
-borrowed ideas from Cubism and Expressionism -
Erich Heckel, Fränzi with Doll, 1910
-Bridge artist
-speak about role of women again
-Interesting - this model used by many of the Bridge artist, 12 years old
-many work of her in very different styles
-see "Self Portrait with Model"
-almost barbaric the position and with the doll included
-might speak to the position of women as sexual object and child bearing -
Ernst Kirchner, Self Portrait with Model, 1910
-Bridge artist
-suggest sexual relation with model (plus the position of the paint brush)
-model = object, artist = subject
-positions of women were improving during those times (allowed to wear pants)
-artist showing his viewpoint on the change
-fear of the changing role of women and how that will effect men
-display women as nature and man as culture
-use of almost colour blocks for composition = solid/factual his view point? -
Franz Marc, The Little Blue Horses, 1911
-Blue Rider artist
-believed spiritual art through animal/ animal = spiritual harmony
-wrote a lot about his artwork
-Believed war as purifying fire - laid ground to something better
-First to enlist into WWI
-after WWI started, soon BR were viewed as silly and died -non-local colours
-why a horse butt? smooth.... -
Georges Braque, La Portuguese, 1911
-later Analytical Cubism
-very different, more fragmented/earth tones (character of style) than earlier work (Houses and Trees)
-became more abstract, dangerously so
-artist decided to add number/ other recognizable details to lead away from abstract
-steering away from abstract probably lead to collage
-work from representational to abstract -
Period: to
Synthetic Cubism
-brighter colour than Analytical, more texture, pasted element (collage!)
-trampe loeil = to fool the eye (looks real to eye but isn’t)
-work from abstraction (collage peices) to representation the opposite of Analytical Cubism
-collage means paste-up
-also a way to steer away from abstraction (using real objects, collage) -
Period: to
Blue Rider
-not a formal group, no manifesto, did not work together but have an annual portfolio
-believe in power of contemporary art, art is/as a religion
-blue = masculine/spiritual (colour have meanings)
-rider = apoplectic/forward
-Dec 1911 - 1st BR exhibition with 14 artists about artist subjective impulse
-included a broader aspect/context including music, history, social, ect
-believed art=spiritual advisor and artist = priest, shaman, ect. -
Giacomo Balla, Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, 1912
-Speed - emphasize on action/movement
-Simultaneity -reject static compositions/centralized
-small sections of a whole
-painted based on multiple exposure photo studies of movement
-later work less superficial
-exhilarated by noise/ speed/ machines of modern city -
Pablo Picasso, Still Life with Chair Caning, 1912
-collage mixing high art (fine art) and low art (mass media)
-"poster on a canvas"
-believed in not caring what it is exactly but as long as artist call it art
-lots of talk about language and questions its unstable/perfect system
-making sense of the word (changing so fast)
-can add elements to add new meanings using collage
-ex. a bottle collage with newspaper adds new meaning to both
-trampe l'oeil
-Picasso had fun with collages - made sculptures too
-like turning one substance into another -
Period: to
Constructivism
-social ideology in communist society
-anti-capitalism and pro socialism (no class, utopian idea)
-a form of language of the Russian Revolution (art)
-believed artist as constructor, artist = worker/teacher of new idea (functional)
-mainly in form of sculptures with some product
-important idea of building up (added sculpture) instead of taking away
-movement died after Lenin (leader of revolution) died
-Russia had a power struggle; Stalin who favoured representative art came to power -
Ernst Kirchner, Street Scene, Berlin, 1913
-Bridge artist
-subject = urban life (dark)
-relate back to "The Scream" (the physiological effects of urban life)
-relate to Marxism and capitalism
-almost warped, disturbed feel
-speak about social classes, the air of superiority
-the stifling feel of crowds -
Vassily Kandinsky, Improvisation 30, 1913
-believed in destroying materialism
-believed in romance of an artist and had a big ego
-"1st Abstract Watercolour 1910
-said that he went for a walk, camelback, saw the most beautiful picture than found out it was his painting on the side = boom! Abstraction
-believed art as kin to music
-art move viewer = spiritual enlightenment
-of course, abstraction did not happen overnight....
-still visible/ understandable representation/object (canons)
-looks like a war scene -
Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, 1913
-represent the Futurism movement
-constant dissolving and reforming surface
-made out of bronze
-called it "plastic rhythm and construction of the action of the body"
-forward moving with nothing holding back -
Kasimir Malevich, Black Square, 1914-5
-believe in reduction
-studied cubism + futurism
-black square because his identity (signed work with it)
-wanted to create a void for the viewer to fill up
-in exhibits, black square placed in corner reserved for religious icons
-a void for viewer to reach enlightenment
-painted many different black squares
-artist wore all black (like a priest) -
Period: to
Surprematism
-famous work = "Black Square"
-focus on pure feeling free from social and politics
-believed world does not matter but all about feelings
-response to the desensitization to the world around after WWI
-theosophy = almost like a religion that believe individual go through various planes of existence
=strive for higher enlightenment that people like artist can help one with through art
-artists as priests almost
-also a movement across disciplines and practises
-based in Russia -
Period: to
World War 1
-
Period: to
Dada
-always consider the effects of WWI
-1 movement 2 different locations with slight variation in each
-Dada = obsession/ nonsense word chosen in random
-no single factor that unify whole movement except war = stupid, art=solution
-had over 40 different publication some assocaited with futurism
-WWI shattered order of things and the progression of modern art
-believed that all is going to hell in a hand basket so do whatever they want
-abolition of all logic, memory, profits, future, ect. -
Period: to
New York Dada
-dominated by Duchamp who originally came from Paris
-played with public relations/publicity as much as art mediums
-created new medium of "ready-made" with 2 forms, rectified (found object but artist have do to something with it) and straight up (is art simply because artist say so)
-found objects raise 2 points, removal of artist hand which was what people use to judge by (the skill)and changing the context of regular objects by placing them in a gallery (raise question of status) -
Period: to
Berlin Dada
-goal was to disrupt German government, respond to war directly
-very vocal
-German war restoration after WWI left German in poverty (2 trillion, million mark = 1 US dollar)
-buy bread with a wheel barrel full of money
-respond to the lack of government
-"Oh Chrisman tree in German soil how crooked are your branches"
-Lasted till Hitler's time - made poster criticizing his root of power -
Period: to
Zurich Dada
-believe that since war is destructive and was brought on by logic, than random/absurd = peace
-also circulated text = movement spread
-Hugo Ball - created made up words poems
-against status quo and focus on individualism
-did not really believe in utopia but still believe art can change the world by individual responding to the chaos through art
-celebrated the idea of not being in control
-got rid of subjectivity -
Jean (Hans) Arp, Arrangement According to the Laws of Chance, 1916-7
-Zurich Dada
-collage
-created by picking up pieces of paper and letting it fall, and then paste on in that order
-believe in removing one's sense of control, letting unconscious take over
-respond to war by celebrating CHANCE -
Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917
-NY Dada
-found object
-urinal turned on side with signed name of urinal company +date
-a publicity stunt by Duchamp, submitted to a "non jury" show he founded but under another name
-"work pissing in face of viewer" many hated it
-Duchamp wrote articles defending the "artist" until years later people found out it was himself
-purpose to show that art is art because the artist chose it
-importance of public relations/publicity
-show power of the artist, redefining who the artist is -
Period: to
De Stijl
-founded in the Netherlands
-Utopia - believed by creating perfectly balanced art will somehow influence the war stricken world to be balanced again (hoped at least)
-a new pictorial language
-Founded by Mondrian - wrote a lot about work
-Basic - believe people where scared to get tricked (was) therefore simple, basic
-cross discipline style circulated through magazines
-reduced palette
thought that since academic art needed view to know history, abstract = more accessible but was not so -
Raoul Hausmann, Mechanical Head: The Spirit of our Times, 1919-20
-Berlin Dada
-found object + 3D collage
-head = dummy head transfigured into something strange, let the artist stick things on it
-response to how people of Germany have no thought/mindless and let the gov. do absurd things
-connect to WWI and what happen to Germany after it -
Marcel Duchamp, L.H.O.O.Q., 1919
-deface of Mona Lisa
-LHOOQ = pun for "she got a hot ass" or "there is a fire down below"
-question art establishments
-pun = new thought for an old object much related to his main idea, changing the original use of an object (ex. found objects) -
Hannah Höch, Cut with the Kitchen KnifeDada through the Last Weimar Beer BellyCultural Epoch of Germany, 1919-20
-Berlin Dada
-full of prominent figures from government and leaders
-areas of Dada celebrations and anti Dada protests
-photo montage (artist worked in publication/ad.)
-feministic work, female figures are moving, male are static
-not only critiquing social status of Germany but also role of women
-WWI = 1st time women in work force
-time of new hope for women (rights to vote, short hair, pants, ect.)
-yet still issues of women as purely sexual objects or industry worker (in her other works) -
Vladimir Tatlin, Model for the Monument to the Third International, 1920
-a proposition/idea was not possible to build with the technology at the time
-but model used in a parade/monument
-made up of 2 spirals with 3 geometric shapes in it to house office for movement workers and space underneath for gathering
-on the very top place radio to broadcast news of movement, even projection on clouds
-very utopian idea/design
-purpose to bring possibility of movement to advertise/speak for revolution -
Otto Dix, The Card Players, 1920
-Berlin Dada
-show the gruesome effects of war
-not only did was kill people but the ones alive suffers too
-speak of the trauma both psychical and physiological
-some of the machine parts connected to the soldiers are probably made up but the point comes across loud and clear
-many of works such as these (one with officials examining a corpse for recruit)
-many German soldiers were called to arms even though they were severally injured
-many people on the streets are disfigured -
Piet Mondrian, Tableau 2, 1922
-Mondrian = founder of De Stijl but called it neo-plastics
-studied cubism before developing his own style
-as cubism doesn't take abstraction as final goal, Mondrian did
-Tedious process of painting - very smooth surface
-right angles are the only man made except in crystal formations = man can change the world too
-had chairs and houses designed after the work (the chair)
-believe in "placing man within a painting instead of in front of it"
-wish to convey an ideal -
Naum Gabo, Column, 1923
-used materials produced during war effort
-focus on basic shapes
-illusion of column being round but it is really just 2 perpendicular pieces
-believed to being a revolution = changing everyday life (communism + utopia idea)
-simple forms to connect with everyday life -
Period: to
World War 2