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We believe diseases were caused by evil spirits.
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Tribal doctors performed ceremonies to exorcise evil spirits, when trying to heal injured or sick patients.
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Digitalis:
- digitalis comes from the foxglove plant. Today we are sometimes treated with this in pill form, intravenously, or by injection.
Quinine:
- quinine comes from the bark of the cinchona tree and controls fevers, relives muscle spasms, and helps prevent malaria.
Belladonna and atropine:
- these medicines are made from the poisonous nightshade plant and relieve muscle spasms.
Morphine:
- is made from the opium poppy and is an effective medication for treating severe pain. -
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- The Egyptians were the first people to keep accurate health records.
- The priests were the physicians, and used their faith to help heal their patients.
- The Egyptians used medicines to heal diseases, they learned how to splint broken bones, and used leeches to treat blood disorders.
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They were the first to use acupuncture therapies to heal the body.
- The Chinese medical pioneers used this method to treat a variety of illnesses and diseases. -
Their medicine was considered more of an art than a profession.
- Were the first people to come up with the idea that diseases were caused naturally instead of spiritually.
- For religious reasons, the Greeks did not allow bodies to be dissected.
- Hippocrates based his knowledge of the body and physiology on his observations of the body externally. -
- The Romans invented a waterway system to keep their medicine sanitary.
- They were the first to organize their medical care and patients.
- The Roman physicians kept a specific room in their house for ill patients. This was the beginning of hospitals.
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The monks and priests stopped practicing medicine because they believed life and death was in God’s hands and had no interest in how the body functioned.
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They used herbal mixtures, and care was custodial. They often used prayer as medicine for the sick.
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Epidemics caused millions of deaths during the Middle Age. Some of the pandemics included
- the Bubonic plague (the Black Death)
- smallpox
- diphtheria
-syphilis
-turberculosis -
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- In this time period construction for universities and medical schools began.
- In the schools they began to accept dissections of the body for study.
- In this time the printing press was invented and medical books were being published.
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Da Vinci studied and recorded the anatomy of the body. -
He discovered Filipina tubes of the female anatomy. -
Discovered the tube leading from the ear to the throat. -
Used his knowledge to understand the physiology and was able to describe blood circulation. -
Invented the microscope and established that there is life smaller than the eye can see. -
Apothecaries or early pharmacies started in this time.
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Benjamin Franklin’s inventions affect us vastly. His invention of the bifocals, and his discovery that colds could be passed between people are very important. -
- Medical students were not only learning medicine in lectures but they also observed patients at their bedside observing and studying them.
- Dissections of the body were made when a patient died that the students could learn from.
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- discovered the element oxygen
- discovered that plants refresh oxygen that is lost in air
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- discovered a vaccination for smallpox and saved many of lives
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- invented the stethoscope and it was a stethoscope made of wood.
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- Identified the cause of childbed fever and found that it was very important to wash your hands in between treating patients.
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- She attracted well-educated and dedicated woman to the Nightingale School of Nursing
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- Discovered that tiny microorganisms were everywhere, and he discovered that they cause disease.
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- Discovered that certain diseases are caused by microorganisms.
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- Learned about Pasteur’s discovery that microorganisms can cause infections.
- He also used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs that cause the infections and became the first doctor to use antiseptic during a surgery.
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- He developed asepsis that is a germ killing method that is used before and during surgeries.
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- Discovered many diseases-causing organisms.
- Also developed the culture plate method to identify pathogen and isolated the bacteria that causes tuberculosis.
- Introduced the importance of sanitation to prevent diseases.
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- Discovered the effect of medicine on diseases caused by microorganisms.
- His treatments were not effective in killing diseases caused by bacteria.
- His discoveries brought up the idea to use chemicals to fight diseases.
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- He studied the extras and took the very first picture with the x-ray with of his wife’s hand.
- His findings allowed doctors to see inside the body.
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- Before anesthesia doctors used herbs, hashish, and alcohol to relive the pain from surgery.
- Nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform were discovered and were used to safely put patients in deep sleep for surgery
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- Found that penicillin killed life-threatening bacteria.
- The discovery of penicillin has cured many illnesses.
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- Discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind.
- He found that the mind and the body work together as one.
- His studies led him to understand illnesses that are caused by emotional conflict.
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- He discovered sulfonamide compound.
- These compounds were the first medication effective in killing bacteria and deadly diseases.
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- Discovered that the dead polio virus would come back and paralyze thousands of people.
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- He used a live polio virus vaccine to vaccinate babies to protect them from the virus.
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- Discovered how the DNA is coded with its double helix.
- The also discovered how the DNA replicates, and how hereditary information is coded on it.
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- Performed the first successful heart transplant.
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- Was a pioneer who performed surgeries separating Siamese twins and hemispherectomies, or surgeries done on the top of the bran to stop seizures.
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- This type of surgery has become a very normal part of surgical procedures and is minimally invasive as it is don’t through very few small incisions using small tubes, cameras, and instruments.
- Laparoscopic Surgery has varying health benefits that include less pain, shorter hospital stays, fewer complications, shorter recovery time, and smaller scars.
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- Chemotherapy and radiation therapy not only attack cancerous cells but also the healthy cells that make patients fell weak and may cause other problems.
- New cancer therapies have been designed to target the cancerous cells but leave the healthy cells along.
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- Scientists completed the first ever sequenced draft of the human genome.
- By mapping the entire genome scientist are able to study how certain diseases affect our genomes and are hopefully on the path to develop cures for all diseases
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- Scientists are mixing living cells with polymers and are sprayed through printers.
- They polymers in the mixture makes the substance strong enough to build.
- Scientists have successfully printed and implanted artificial organs in human bodies.
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- During the COVID-19 pandemic, patients were less likely to schedule appointments and instead used telemedicine to be quickly prescribed of their medicine to save cost, and time.