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Evil Spirits
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Exorcise
Trephining -
Digitals comes from the foxglove plant. Quinine comes from the bark of the cinchona tree. Belladonna and atropine are made from the poisonous nightshade plant. Morphine is made from the opium poppy
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Kept accurate health records.
The priests acted as physicians.
Used medicines to heal diseases, learned the art of splinting fractures, and treated disorders by bloodletting with the use of leeches. -
First to use acupuncture therapies. These early medical pioneers learned to treat a variety of illnesses and diseases with stone tools.
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First to study the causes of disease and to determine that illness may have natural, rather than spiritual causes.
Religious custom did not allow bodies to be dissected.
Hippocrates wrote the standard of ethics called the Oath of Hippocrates. -
Brought clean water into the cities by way of aqueducts. Built sewers to carry off waste. Sent medical equipment and physicians with their armies to care for wounded soldiers. Physicians kept a room in their house for the ill. Public buildings for the care of the sick were established.
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When the Roman Empire was conquered by the Huns the study of medical science stopped.
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Medicine was only practiced in convents and monasteries. The primary treatment was prayer. Medication consisted of herbal mixtures, and care was custodial.
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Epidemics caused millions of deaths. Bubonic plague, smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis were all uncontrolled diseases.
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The building of universities and medical schools for research. The acceptance of dissection of the body for study. The development of the printing press and the publishing of books, allowing greater access to knowledge from research. -
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Studied and recorded the anatomy of the body.
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Discovered the fallopian tubes of the female anatomy.
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Discovered the tube leading from the ear to the throat (Eustachian tube).
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Used knowledge from Leonardo da Vinci to understand physiology, and he was able to describe the circulation of blood and the pumping of the heart.
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Invented the microscope, establishing that there is life smaller than the eye can see. Scrapped his teeth and found the bacteria that causes tooth decay. -
Apothecaries, early pharmacies, started in this time. In medieval England, these apothecaries engaged in a flourishing trade in drugs and spices from the East.
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His discoveries include bifocals, and he found that colds could be passed from person to person.
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Attended lectures in the classroom and laboratory, but also observed patients at the bedside. When a patient died, the dissected the body and were able to observe the disease process. This led to a better understanding of the causes of illness and death.
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Discovered the element oxygen. He also observed that plants refresh air that has lost it’s oxygen, making it usable for respiration.
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Discovered a method of vaccination for smallpox. His discovery also lead to immunization and to preventive medicine in public health. -
Invented the stethoscope. It increased the ability to hear the heart and lungs, allowing doctors to determine if disease was present. -
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Identified the cause of childbed fever. Large numbers of women died from this fever after giving birth. Noted that the patients of midwives had fewer deaths. The physicians went to the “dead room”, where they dissected dead bodies. Physicians didn’t wash their hands or change their aprons before delivering babies. Their hands were dirty, and they infected the women.
Realized what was happening. Eventually, his studies were proved and handwashing and cleanliness became an accepted practice. -
Attracted well-educated, dedicated women to the Nightingale School of Nursing. Graduates from this school raised standards of nursing, and it became a respectable profession. Prior, nursing was considered unsuitable for respectable lady. People giving care to patients were among the lowest in society. Came from a cultured, middle-class family who opposed her interest in caring for the ill. She convinced her father to give her money to live, and she gained experience by volunteering in hospitals -
The “father of Microbiology,” discovered that tiny microorganisms were everywhere. Through his experiments and studies, he proved that microorganisms caused disease. Before this discovery, doctors thought that microorganisms were created by disease. He also discovered that heating milk prevented the growth of bacteria. Pasteurization kills bacteria in milk. We still use this method to treat milk today. He created a vaccine for rabies in 1885.
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Discovered that some diseases are caused by microorganisms that cannot be seen with a microscope. They are called viruses. The viruses were not studied until the electron microscope was invented in Germany.
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Learned about Pasteur’s discovery that microorganisms cause infections. He used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs that causes infection. He became the first doctor to use antiseptic during surgery.
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Developed asepsis. He knew from Lister’s and Pasteur’s research that germs caused infections in wounds. He developed a method to keep an area germ-free before and during surgery. This was the beginning of asepsis.
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Discovered many disease-causing organisms. He developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens and also isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. He also introduced the importance of cleanliness and sanitation in preventing the spread of disease. -
Discovered the effect of medicine on disease-causing microorganisms. His treatment was effective against some microorganisms but was not effective in killing other bacteria. His discoveries brought about the use of chemicals to fight disease. In his search to find a chemical to treat syphilis, he completed 606 experiments. On the 606th experiment he found a treatment that worked.
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Discovered x-rays. He took the very first picture using x-rays of his wife’s hand. His discovery allowed doctors to see inside the body and helped them discover what was wrong with the patient.
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Early physicians used herbs, hashish, and alcohol to help relieve pain of surgery. They even choked patients to cause unconscious to stop pain. Many patients died from shock and pain. In the 19th and 20th centuries, nitrous oxide (for dental care), ether, and chloroform were discovered. These drugs put people into a deep sleep so that they don’t experience pain during surgery. The knowledge of asepsis and the ability to prevent pain during surgery are basis of safe, painless surgery today.
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Found that penicillin killed life-threatening bacteria. The discovery of penicillin is considered one of the most important discoveries of the twentieth century. Before penicillin was discovered, people died of illnesses that we consider curable today, including pneumonia, gonorrhea, and blood poisoning.
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Discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind. He studied the effects of the unconscious mind on the body. He determined that the mind and body work together. This led to an understanding of psychosomatic illness (physical illness caused by emotional conflict). His studies were the basis of psychology and psychiatry.
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Discovered that a dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis. This virus paralyzed thousands of adults and children every year. It seemed to attack the most active and athletic people. It was a feared disease, and the discovery of the vaccine saved many people from death or crippling.
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Used a live polio virus vaccine, which is more effective. This vaccine is used today to immunize babies against this dreaded disease.
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Discovered the molecular structure of DNA, based on its known double helix. Their model served to explain how DNA replicates and how hereditary information is coded on it. This set the stage for rapid advances in molecular biology that continue to this day. In 1962, they won the Nobel Prize in Medicine for this discovery.
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Performed the first successful heart transplant in 1968.
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Continues to be a pioneer in separating Siamese twins and performing hemispherctomies, surgeries on the brain to stop seizures.
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Minimally invasive surgery is done through one or more small incisions using small tubes and tiny cameras and instruments. Benefits include less pain, shorter hospital stays, fewer complications, shorter recovery time, and smaller scars. -
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The FDA approved Atripla which combined 3 antiretroviral drugs into 1 which improved they treatment for aids
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Body parts that have been successfully printed bionic eye, antibacterial tooth, heart , skin, bionic ear, elastic bone, ovary.
In 2014, the company Organovo offered the first commercially available 3D bioprinted human livers and kidney’s. -
Oxepanoprolinamides is a new class of antibiotics that is being developed to combat multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens that are currently being used.
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New medication for Parkinson’s maybe approved by the FDA soon. It’s phase III trail just had positive results at easing symptoms like tremors, slowness, and stiffness.