-
plants, animals, diseases, technology through human interaction ex. wild horses obx -
First permanent English settlement -
1st representative assembly -
Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth, established that government power comes from the consent of the governed and not god.
-
Puritans escaping religious persecution
-
Decline in religious fervor -
Native Americans defeated and lost ability to resist colonial expansion in New England -
Former indentured servants revolted because they weren’t being protected from Native American attacks. As a result, rich planters looked for less problematic sources of labor (slaves from Africa).
-
Prompted by a decline in religious fervor and the Enlightenment, spread the idea of regaining your faith. -
Most Native Americans sided with French, but some sided with the British. Result: England controlled Canada & almost everything east of the Mississippi Valley, 1st real sense colonial unity, huge debts (King George III felt colonists should help pay bc they benefited from outcome & amount they had to pay was less than taxpayers in England but colonists felt they weren’t being properly recognized for their contributions in fighting during war)
-
An effort to unite colonies that ultimately failed because colonists didn’t want to relinquish their ability to control state tax, and the British were relieved because they didn't want the colonists to form alliances.
-
A loose confederation of Native Americans attacked British soldiers and settlers. As a result, the British felt it would give them less trouble if they restricted colonial expansion.
-
AFTER PONTIAC Forbid settlement west of Appalachians, colonists upset because of British interference---end of salutary neglect
-
Tax on imported sugar, 1st direct tax levied on colonists by crown, more strictly enforced than previous acts, if caught would be tried in admiralty courts (took away right to fair trial)
-
Required colonists to provide living quarters for British soldiers. Colonists were upset because British soldiers were stealing their jobs and they were suspicious of the presence of British troops despite the fact that there was no longer a common enemy (because they had already defeated the French).
-
formed to protest stamp act; homespun clothes so that didn't have to buy from British
-
Tax on all paper products (so affected a lot of people), start of phrase “taxation without representation” (eventually repealed)
-
parliament had no right to tax, 1st unified meeting to respond to British taxation
-
Indirect taxes on items including tea, money used to pay colonial governors (colonists couldn’t withhold it as leverage anymore)
-
British East India
-
In response to Boston Tea Party to punish colonists: Closed Boston Harbor until all tea paid back, stricter Quartering Act (in homes), Quebec Act (unintentional) extended Quebec border
-
in response to Intolerable Acts, agreed to boycott British goods
-
Start of conflict between British and colonists. British on their way to seize colonial gunpowder & smugglers, attacked by colonial minutemen/militia
-
Last ditch attempt by colonists to avoid escalation of conflict with the British. King George III rejected, considered the colonists traitors
-
Pamphlet that urged colonies to declare independence and establish republican gov; Americans are special destined people, republican gov is proper form of gov & US can set up entire country based on principle of republican gov, shouldn’t be ruled by tiny island super far away
-
Expressed grievances toward the Crown, principle of individual liberty and the fundamental responsibility to serve the interests of the people
-
Turning point in war, boosted colonial morale, French agreed to form formal alliance with colonists
-
Land of Old Northwest should be sold from the gov and the proceeds used to pay off national debt
-
poor backcountry farmers (mostly Revolutionary War veterans who weren’t being paid) rebelled because upset that the banks were repossessing farms and foreclosing homes; highlighted resentment between backcountry farmers and coastal elite, fears about the power of mobocracy (federal gov unable to stop them): conservatives wanted stronger central government, debtors were afraid of it
-
Bicameral legislature: house of representatives (determined by population), Senate (equal representation---2 senators each); Constitution which established checks and balances and ⅗ Compromise
-
Once a territory and a population of 60,000 it could apply to be admitted by Congress as a state, forbade slavery in Old Northwest
-
ratified after disagreements between Federalists and Anti-Federalists, Federalists agreed to add Bill of Rights
-
federal gov should assume states’ debts and repay the debt, aimed to shape policies to favor the wealthy & northern banks, largely opposed by Southerners because Northern states had more debt)--as a result: emergence of 2 party system & Whiskey Rebellion -
Women were recognized for their role as mothers and homemakers who nurtured republican ideas/values in their children, woman play special moral role in societies, mothers should raise childrens who posses civic virtue
-
ratified after disagreements between Federalists and Anti-Federalists, Federalists agreed to add Bill of Rights
-
farmers resisted excise tax on whiskey (part of Hamilton’s plan to repay debt)--class tensions, Washington stopped rebellion with militia to display power of federal gov
-
Federalist party: favored strong federal gov, loose interpretation of Constitution, lead by Alexander Hamilton//Democratic-Republican party: favored states’ rights, strict interpretation of Constitution, lead by Thomas Jefferson
-
in response to conflict between Britain and France, declared US neutrality and warned citizens to be impartial toward both camps; Democratic Republicans furious bc Washington announced it without consulting Congress & felt like they owed France
-
Invented by Eli Whitney; South able to produce a lot more cotton, needed to satisfy growing market for cotton--> needed more reliable source of labor (slavery) -
to avoid joining war; British-leave US outposts & pay for impressment damages--didn’t promise anything about future impressment/supplying arms to Indians; Americans- repay pre-Rev debts & restrictive trade policies toward France
Dem-Repub angry bc like surrendering to Britain, betrayal to southern planters who would have to pay a major share of pre-Revolutionary debts while rich Federalist shippers could collect payment for recent damages (British seizures); French mad too -
Spain was worried about a potential British-American alliance and wanted to strike a deal with America---granted America free navigation of Mississippi and warehouse rights in New Orleans and territory of western Florida
-
warned against political parties & entangling alliances
-
French furious about Jay’s Treaty, viewed it as the first step toward an alliance with Britain and a violation of their treaty of 1778; French warships began to seize American merchant vessels (almost 300 by 1797), refused to receive America’s newly appointed diplomat to France
-
Aimed at pro-Democratic Republican “aliens” mostly poor European immigrants (looked down upon by aristocratic Federalists)---raised residence requirements for immigrants who wanted to become citizens, gave president power to deport foreigners in times of peace and to deport/imprison in times of conflict; enacted by Federalist Congress to discourage Jeffersonian opposition---anyone convicted of defaming government officials/interfering with gov policies could be imprisoned and fined heavily
-
secretly drafted by Jefferson and Madison argued that states should have the power to decide whether the federal government had overstepped its boundaries of the authority it was granted and states should have the right to nullify national legislation if they feel like it’s unconstitutional
-
Thomas Jefferson elected, Peaceful transfer of power from the federalist party to the democratic republicans
-
Reaffirmed religion’s role in society; reformer movements- temperance, ppl have ability to better themselves to overcome sin so can do the same for society
-
Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against William Marbury (one of Adams’ midnight appointments), established judicial review (gave Supreme Court ability to declare the constitutionality of acts)
-
Doubled the size of US, was kind of contradictory because Jefferson believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution, which doesn’t explicitly state that he can purchase new territory--kicked off Lewis and Clark expedition
-
In response to harassment of US ships by the British & French, shut down US imports and exports which caused New England’s economy to collapse
-
-
Reopened trade with most countries except Britain & France
-
(passed during Madison’s presidency) reopened traded with Britain & France but if either country stopped interfering with US trade then the US would stop all trade with the other country, France agreed but continued to attack US ships
-
(textile industry in New England) Guaranteed employees housing in nice boarding houses, cash wages, cultural/social events to entice women from nearby farms to work in textile mills; War of 1812 cut US off from English textiles
-
British impressment, arming some Natives on frontier; Warhawks victory at the Battle of New Orleans after Treaty of Ghent was signed boosted US nationalism; US manufacturing improved out of necessity
-
Hartford Convention Federalists who opposed the war because it disrupted trade met to discuss possible secession---after US victory at New Orleans the Federalists were deemed traitors which lead to the demise of the Federalist party
-
only 1 political party, lots of nationalism
-
John Marshall ruled that states couldn’t tax National Bank (national law over state law)
-
financial scare: mortgage foreclosures, business failures
-
US gained Florida from the Spanish
-
Related to rise of market economy/industrialization, work sphere and home sphere, married women in charge of home sphere, responsible for being the moral figures in society (eventually lead to female involvement in reform movements as an acceptable role outside the household)
-
Admitted Missouri as a slave state, carved Maine out of Massachusetts (to keep the balance), prohibited slavery north of Missouri’s southern border (besides Missouri)
-
Monroe Doctrine policy of noninterference---Europe should stay out of the Americans and the US would stay out of European affairs (even though the US didn’t have the military might to back it up)
-
Rechartered National Bank (1816), stronger protective tariff, federal subsidies for internal improvements
-
most states allowed voters to directly choose electors, none of the 4 candidates won majority, Clay (speaker of House) supported John Quincy Adams (corrupt bargain--after Adams became pres Clay became secretary of state (Andrew Jackson’s supporters were furious)
-
Era of Good Feelings, painters wanted to capture America's beauty, American identity
-
Adams (Republican) and Jackson (Democratic Republican--states rights) “mudslinging”, “Old Hickory” Jackson viewed as a war hero and frontiersman, the bulk of his support in West/South--showed gradual westward shift of power
Jacksonian Democracy spoils system & voting rights granted to all white men (even if they didn’t own property) -
(passed during Adams administration) strongly opposed by Southerners- argued it hurt southern farmers who didn’t enjoy protection of tariffs AND forced to pay higher prices for manufacturing
-
Cherokee had declared themselves a sovereign nation (within Georgia), gold discovered there so act passed to relocate them to Oklahoma territory--> Trail of Tears
-
Slave rebellion in Virginia; result: Southern states passed slave codes that prohibited blacks from congregating & learning to read
-
revolutionized farming, more efficient
-
John C Calhoun (VP) secretly argued that if state felt fed law unconstitutional could nullify, SC threatened to secede; Jackson's Force Bill authorized to send federal troops
-
Stated that tariff would be lowered over a period of 10 years; In response to the Nullification Crisis between Andrew Jackson and South Carolina's legislature (SC nullified 1832 tariff and threatened to secede)
-
Jackson removed funds from central bank and put it into pet banks; required all public lands to be purchased w hard/metallic currency (caused money shortage)
-
disliked Democrat Jackson (called him “King Andrew I”), included: supporters of Clay’s American System, southern states who disliked Jackson’s stance on nullification, larger northern industrialists/merchants, Anti-Masonic Party
-
During Martin Van Buren's presidency, Response: Van Buren proposed Divorce Bill to pull treasury funds out of pet banks so it would be stored away from inflation
-
William Henry Harrison (Whig) vs Martin Van Buren (Democrat); Whigs embraced log cabin/hard cider; highlighted appeals to the “common man”
-
legalized unions and strikes
-
-
Got Oregon Territory from Britain
-
during Polk’s (D)) presidency---Manifest Destiny associated w/ him, claimed Mexico fired first, Northerners were worried new slaves would tip balance; ended in Mexican Cession of Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah
-
Wilmot Proviso proposed bill to prohibit extension slavery into territory gained from Mexico---vote split along sectional lines
-
Oregon boundary dispute over where border between Canada and Oregon should be; Democrats wanted 54 40 but expansionist Polk (D) settled for 49 (annexation of Texas too around this time)
-
First women's rights convention, discussed women's suffrage
-
regional party--opposed to expansion of slavery (not bc abolitionist) bc didn’t want to compete with slave labor in new territories
-
Beginning of mass production, assembly lines, boosted Northern manufacturing
-
California admitted as a free state, abolished slave trade in DC (not slavery), Stronger fugitive slave law, remainder land from Mexico used to form New Mexico and Utah territories---popular sovereignty
-
described horrors of slavery that public wasn't aware of--growing antislavery sentiments, even reached Europe (prevented them from entering war on behalf of South once focus on the war shifted to slavery bc they didn't want to upset their citizens that had read it)
-
Split Nebraska territory into 2, popular sovereignty but assumed Kansas (west of slave Missouri) probably slave and Nebraska (west of free Iowa) free---contradicted Missouri Compromise 1820 (slavery forbidden in Nebraska Territory north of 36º 30’ line); Bleeding Kansas
-
Cheaper way to make steel, steel used for buildings, railroads etc.
-
response to increase of immigrants & popularity of Catholicism, wanted stricter immigration/naturalization laws and wanted to authorize deportation of poor immigrants
-
Dred Scott former slave, brought to territories where slavery illegal so declared himself free & sued for freedom; decision: slaves are propety not citizens so couldn’t sue in fed courts & Congress coulnd’t regulate slavery in territories (further nullified Missouri Compromise & killed hopes of Wilmot Proviso)
-
After Lincoln elected pres (without a single electoral vote from South); deep South seceded; 1861 attacked Fort Sumter
-
both sides declared martial law, suspended habeas corpus; Northern economy: demand for uniforms, weapons (invention of uniform sizes); Sherman’s total war destroyed Southern infrastructure
-
allowed settlers to gain up to 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, paying nominal fee of $30ish---climate not great @ Great Plains---drought, many forced to give up---big corporations often took advantage of this to get the best land w natural resources
-
ended in Confederate retreat, so claimed as Union victory; allowed Lincoln to announce Emancipation Proclamation
-
promoted construction of transcontinental railroad, gov would give land grants to railroad companies, can take their pick of land and sell the rest--boomtowns; time zones
-
didn’t physically free any slaves but shifted focus of war to slavery (instead of keeping union together/states’ rights); declared all slaves in rebellious states were free
-
more lenient, required 10% voters voted in 1860 election swear allegiance to Union, accept 13th Amendment; Radical Republicans argued Reconstruction should be lead by Congress not President
-
After Union victory--from then on South was on the defensive, stated that war was to uphold values of liberty
-
Freedman’s Bureau helped free blacks with food/housing/schools---1st social welfare program
-
Prohibited slavery
-
(became president after Lincoln’s assassination) creation military gov to run states until readmitted to Union, required all Southern citizens to swear to loyalty oath, prevented former Southern elite from taking vow (to prohibit involvement in new gov); Johnson ended up pardoning Southern elites & most Southern states passed black codes
-
Reconstruction: how to readmit Southern states, status of blacks; failures: black codes, share-cropping, KKK
-
fought for 8 hr work day; more agreeable motives, excluded Chinese and didn’t really make an effort to include women and black workers
-
Led by Congress, martial law in South, required states to ratify 14th Amendment (people born in US are US citizens & equal protection) & send new constitutions to be approved
-
cause: low prices, railroads charged high rates---goal to improve lives of isolated farmers through social/educational/fraternal activities; eventually shifted goals to escape trusts and cooperatively owned stores for consumers, grain elevators, warehouses
-
15th Amendment required states to allow black men to vote
-
Union Pacific and Central Pacific rails met (both got loans from gov and land grants); engineering accomplishment...joined West Coast with Union, allowed for trade with Asia, boosted economic growth, creation of time zones,"boom towns"
-
organized all workers regardless of skill/gender/race; more radical; eventually associated w too much violence and also skilled workers had more leverage and eventually ditched them
-
Rockefeller’s company, symbolized trusts and monopolies Gilded Age...1877 controlled 95% oil refineries: horizontal integration
-
idea that people gained wealth through survival of fittest...wealth were naturally more capable than poor...they owe poor nothing...people naturally possess traits that allow them to get ahead and be more superior...justification for US imperialism (ex. Spanish-American War)
-
More people depending on wages, relationships with bosses became more impersonal, work schedules; yellow dog contract & blacklists used to discourage unions
-
Belief that God and Christ taught you to be kind to your neighbor and help those that are less fortunate to you--pushed especially by middle class women, leads to many reform movements---but teaching what they think an American should be so culturally biased (WASP)
-
Big company corruption & unethical practices; trusts- Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company eliminated competition by controlling smaller companies (horizontal), Carnegie's steel (vertical integration);
-
realized that they had pretty much reached the end, that the land wasn’t limitless so needed to preserve
-
insiders gave stock to members of Congress to avoid investigation into huge profits they made from gov subsidies building transcontinental railroad
-
wanted to ban sale of alcohol→ make world more “homelike”; Frances E. Willard (founder)--reform mentality encouraged women to fight for more radical change (ex. woman suffrage); drinking alcohol affects economic/stability of family’s well being---within female sphere
-
encouraged followers to use Bible as moral compass instead of believe it represented scientific/historical truth (focus on ethical teachings)---many became active in “social gospels” & other reform movements
-
killed Reconstruction: if Rutherford B. Hayes (R) won presidency, he would end military reconstruction (pull out troops)
-
advocated for inflation (earlier Greenbackers) & program for improving labor---joined by farmers
-
Most farmers tied to a single crop if prices stayed high they did well but grain farmers no longer in charge of themselves...affected by world market/world output (if wheat production in other countries did better then bad for American farmers; if there was deflation (price of wheat fell to half original) they would have to pay back price of double the amount of crops for the original amount they borrowed plus interest
-
Prohibited immigration of Chinese laborers; around this time lots of immigration from Southern & Eastern Europe & China
-
granted federal government jobs based on examinations not political patronage; made required campaign contributions from fed employees illegal
-
Chicago May Day rally that became violent, someone threw a bomb, labor union blamed
-
Supreme Court reinforced that states can’t regulate interstate commerce (so Grange laws that tried to regulate rates were invalid)
-
required railroads to publish rates; didn’t allow discrimination against shippers and charging more for short trip than long one on the same line; 1st attempt to regulate businesses
-
forcibly changed Native American way of life---civilization; forced assimilation, broke up Native reservations to distribute land to households; leftover land sold to fund gov efforts to ‘civilize’ native americans; got rid of tribal ownership of land and gave Indian family heads 160 free acres---if they behaved themselves they would eventually get full title to land and citizenship
-
from book published by Andrew Carnegie, with the wealth comes responsibility, had to prove themselves morally responsible
-
founded by Jane Addams to help immigrants assimilate through education/counseling/municipal reform, promoted pacifism (criticized bc kinda pushed assimilation in a certain way)
-
to regulate monopolies, law that didn’t let trusts in business...one of 1st congressional attempts to regulate big business for public good--rarely enforced & used against labor unions
-
Sensationalized news to increase readership
-
(from Farmers’ Alliance) represented Westerners/Southerners who felt that US economic policy favored Eastern businessmen instead of farmers: wanted nationalization of railroads graduate income tax, unlimited coinage of silver; Won electoral votes in 1892 pres election; collapsed 1896
-
exposed widespread corruption (business manipulation of gov/child labor/illegal behavior of trusts)
-
Washington felt that shouldn't challenge social order too much; WEB Du Bois wanted immediate equality
-
allowed president to claim public forests as national parks/reserves
-
progressive victory, reduced power of party machines
-
strike at steel plant in PA bc of pay cuts...resulted in armed battle between strikers, Pinkerton detectives (hired by Carnegie), federal troops, lockout
-
depression strengthened Populists’ argument that farmers and laborers were victimized by economic/political system
-
strike by railroad workers upset by wage cuts, led by socialist Eugene Debs; federal troops sent to end strike bc disrupting mail---divisions between labor and gov willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages---1st time legal weapon used as ordered by fed gov to stop a strike, rebellious workers could be imprisoned w/out trial by jury
-
-
-
Was sent to protect Americans in Cuba if something dangerous were to happen, mysteriously blew up & killed 260 sailor; yellow journalism fanned the flames--> Spanish War
-
Part of president McKinley's initial war plans: when US overthrew Spain they would allow Cuba its freedom
-
Showed that US was a world power, start of imperialism, renewed patriotism
-
thought they would be granted independence like Cuba, US sent troops (ironic bc fighting people who were asking for independence); “benevolent assimilation” US spent millions improving roads, sanitation, public health, school system, Filipinos hated forced Americanization, wanted liberty
-
gave US access to Chinese market even though didn’t have formal influence in china
-
gave them limited degree of popular government, granted US citizenship but no full self rule----US helped improve education/sanitation/transportation but people wanted independence
-
Extension of role at home, focused on child labor, tuberculosis, safe food products, factory reform, temperance
-
Constitution didn’t follow flag (Puerto Ricans/Filipinos not necessarily have all American rights)
-
(honored Teller Amendment, withdrew from Cuba): pressured Cuban gov to add amendment to their constitution, limited Cuba’s treaty making abilities, controlled debt, US could intervene militarily to restore order ---- American control of Cuba
-
Three C's: control of corporations, consumer protection, conservation of natural resources (multiple resource management)
-
Most workers immigrants felt like were being exploited, wanted 20% increase pay and 9 hr day; TR's "Big Stick" threatened to seize mines and operate w/ federal troops; owners finally compromised w/ workers--> finally gov starting to stand up against big business
-
in response to rising conflicts between capital and labor
-
ICC (1887) regulated transportation of goods between states; Elkins Act: passed by Congress to impose penalties on railroads that gave/shippers who accepted rebates (deduction/discount)
-
Broke up Northern Securities Company (monopoly of Northwest monopolies); Believed in good trusts and bad trusts
-
US has responsibility to preserve order in Western Hemisphere, has ability to intervene in domestic affairs of Latin American countries if necessary.
-
radical anti-war, wanted 1 big union, appealed to migrant workers in bad working conditions, inflation greater bc of war
-
The Jungle muckraked unsanitary food production-> Meat Inspection Act: meat shipped over state lines had to undergo federal inspection; Pure Food and Drug Act: Regulated labeling of food/pharmaceuticals (medicine)
-
Roosevelt wanted to impress Japan, sent battleship fleet on voyage around the world
-
Agreement between US and Japan to respect each other’s territorial possessions in Pacific, uphold Open Door (in China)---eased tensions between 2
-
Supreme Court agreed to limit hours for women factory workers bc harmful effects would take a bigger toll on weaker female bodies
-
policy of supporting US investments/political interest abroad; encouraged investors to invest abroad in areas that were of political interest--strengthen US defense/foreign policies; wanted US investors to invest in Honduras/Haiti to keep out foreign funds---Monroe Doctrine broke more trusts than Roosevelt
-
goal to lower tariff but unsuccessful, Taft claimed it was the best bill Repub ever passed; angered Progressive Republicans
-
146 immigrant women died, result: stricter laws to regulate hours/conditions
-
Roosevelt ran as 3rd party Progressive Republican--convention: symbolized increasing political status women, support for social justice
-
direct election of US senators
-
Wilson wanted to tackle: Tariff, banks, trusts
-
1ST FED INCOME TAX (didn’t send message to Capital to be read aloud by clerk (custom), made personal appearance to appeal to Congress); reduced (import) rates
-
reform banking system---established 12 regional Fed Reserve Banks & Fed Reserve Board (appointed by president) to regulate banking/stability
-
Congress can levy income tax
-
president appointed commission to keep an eye out for & stop illegal business practices within interstate commerce to tackle monopolies---false advertising, bribery, unfair competition, etc.
-
extension of Sherman Anti-Trust Act; LEGALIZED STRIKES
-
WW1; diff reactions--some immigrated recently
-
British passenger ship sank by Germany; there were Americans on board---brought them closer to joining war
-
established 8 hour work day for employees on trains for interstate commerce, extra pay for overtime----1st federal law to regulate hours for workers in private companies
-
ultimatum given by Wilson (temp diplomatic victory): if Germany continued to sink merchant ships without warning he would break diplomatic relations
-
6 million African Americans from rural South moved to cities in North (2nd wave 1940-1970) in search of jobs
-
-
German foreign secretary secretary secretly proposed Germany-Mexican alliance; not intercepted & published--> Americans furious
-
Restriction on civil liberties; prohibited interference w/ draft & other disloyal acts
-
more voluntary: wheat-less Wednesdays, meatless Tuesdays, victory gardens, restricted resources to make alcohol; gov took control of railroads & daylight savings to extend workday
-
INCR FED POWER coordinated industrial production: set production quotas, allocated raw materials, encouraged companies increase efficiency
-
US passed draft bill, women admitted to navy & marines for 1st time; African Americans served in segregated units & mostly unloaded ships/construction
-
"Making the world safe for democracy"!!! proposal to have peace after WWI: end to secret treaties, freedom of seas, aRms reduction, national self-determination, adjustment of colonial claims (anti-imperialist), League of Nations
-
any unemployed male would be immediately drafted-- discouraged strikes; 1919 steel industry strike: employers refused to comply w/ strikers & hired African Americans to keep factories open
-
Banned alcohol
-
confirmed legality of Espionage Act-- freedom of speech can be restricted if poses a threat to nation
-
proposed by Wilson; world organization of gov..US never joined
-
peace but unfavorable terms for Germany; isolationists in US opposed League & treaty (never ratified); Germans felt betrayed
-
Irreconcilables: isolationists opposed int'l cooperation (League) --no entangling alliances
Reservationists: wanted to make it more favorable to Americans; didn't want League to be involved in our hemisphere or to be forced into any wars -
Palmer Raids deported ppl suspected of communist activities; Bolshevik Rev; targeted labor unions (IWW)
-
women filled jobs bc men off to war, Wilson supported female suffrage as necessary war measure
-
employers used term to describe policy of not wanting to negotiate w/ unions
-
Assembly line/mass production no longer just a luxury, necessary for transportation, greater independence for women, more things to do in free time, emergence of suburbs
-
women's clothes that were less conservative, embraced sexuality
-
African American influence, traditionalists claimed too dangerous, too liberating; new racial pride--> Harlem NYC
-
-
EXPANDED ROLE GOV appealed to female voters: federally funded maternal/infant health care instruction; family welfare--showed Congress's support for traditional role as mothers (after war most women gave up war jobs)
-
set quotas for immigration, limited souther/eastern Europeans, prevented Asians
-
Teacher prosecuted for teaching theory of evolution in Tennessee, victory for fundamentalists (literal reading of Bible)
-
Agreement between 62 countries to "outlaw" war, provided false sense of security; idealistic--burying head in sand
-
Causes: post WW1, isolationism so enacted tariffs (other countries did too in response) & collapse of stock market (buying on margin) & banks
-
Highest protective tariff in peacetime history of US; Foreigners angry, made trade tough “economic warfare on outside world”; brought US and others deeper into depression; US economic isolationism--away from Dawes Plan for German reperations, US loaned money to Allies
-
gov money to bail out large businesses/banks; in line w/ Hoover's "rugged individualism"--ppl will get too reliant on gov handouts, didn't believe in direct aid
-
(1st Hundred Days--Emergency session Congress) RELIEF & RECOVERY: fireside chats, restored confidence in banks, gave jobs to ppl (Public Works Administration), Agricultural Adjustment Act, Tennessee Valley Authority (cheap elec,low cost housing, environmental improvements) Civilian Conservation Corps (jobs to plant trees, parks)
-
created Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, insured bank deposits...stopped unstable banking that lead to Great Depression
-
encouraged tribes to establish local self gov & preserve native crafts & traditions; stopped loss of Indian lands & revived interest in own identity & culture--some Natives felt that Americans did it just to make museum pieces out of them
-
FDR attempt to improve relations w/ Central & South America; cooperation & trade to maintain stability
-
REFORM Works Progress Administration (paid ppl for art, buildings, roads); Social Security; Securities and Exchange Commission (protect public from fraud/deception in stock market)
-
1st Prohibited sale of arms to any countries in war; 2nd one banned loans too; 3rd "cash and carry" allowed arm sales--required allies to pay cash for weapons & pick up w own ships
-
after Supreme Court declared some of his agencies unconstitutional, wanted to nominate new justices for those over 70
-
response to criticism, tried to balance budget & limit spending
-
-
set minimum wage & 40 hr workweek
-
Selective Training and Service Act
-
Allowed US to lend weapons to England (no money to buy); sent US ships to war zone to protect shipments
-
US declared war on Japan, Germany declared war on US
-
encroachment on civil liberties; Korematsu v US some measures are necessary to protect the US
-
1942-1964 Agreement between US and Mexico for migrant workers to come to US; organized labor frustrated
-
US servicemen in LA attacked Latino and Mexican residents; connect- Bracero program
-
(FDR) provided helped WWII soldiers reintegrate into civilian life: loans to buy homes/farms/small businesses, tuition for college & job training
-
Must curb Communist expansion
-
US aid for Greece & Turkey so that they don't turn to Communism
-
Economic aid to Europe
-
Passed by Repub Congress (over Truman's veto), restricted right to strike and closed shops
-
-
(Truman) Called end to segregation/poll taxes & around this time desegregated military ( upset Southern Dixiecrats)
-
Military alliance/collective security, goes against Washington's farewell
-
New red scare, Senator Joseph McCarthy accused lots of people, Hollywood blacklists, execution of Julius & Ethel Rosenberg, Army-McCarthy hearings
-
Fast food, plastic credit card, Disney Land
-
TV, suburbs, traditional roles; counterculture- youth, Vietnam War (didn't want to get drafted), drugs, gay rights, feminism, hippies
-
(Eisenhower) deported illegal Mexican migrant workers (connect to Bracero Program)
-
(Eisenhower) nuclear intimidation
-
overturned separate but equal (Plessy v Ferguson) for education
-
If Vietnam falls to Communism, all of Asia will
-
50% of households had TVs; shows promoted perfect nuclear family, traditional cult of domesticity
-
Eisenhower sent troops to escort students to school only to uphold court decision
-
(JFK) increased unemployment benefits, expanded Social Security, raised min wage
-
Shift from pacifist, integrationist techniques to more violent & separatist forms of protest; LA looted & burned bc mad about police brutality
-
CIA sent Cuban exiles, wanted to overthrow Castro (failed)
-
(JFK) sent specialists/teachers to aid 3rd world countries
-
closest to nuclear confrontation, efforts of detente after
-
illegal to pay men & women diff salaries for same job (employers still found ways around it)
-
Criminal defendants allowed legal counsel even if too poor; this and Miranda warning (police must read rights to suspects)--conservatives felt coddling criminals
-
Public schools can't require prayer/bible reading
-
education (Headstart), health (Medicare/Medicaid), immigration (Immigration & Nationality Act), race reform
-
(part of Great Society) banned racial discrimination in most private facilities
-
banned literacy tests & poll taxes used to prevent African Americans from voting
-
MLK: pacifism, bus boycott, lunch counter sit in, legislative successes; Malcolm X black power- militancy & separatism
-
voter registration for black voters
-
(Eisenhower) suburbs (Levittowns), homogeneous culture
-
prohibited ballot denying tactics; in the same year--affirmative action: can't racially discriminate when hiring (protection), meaning changed in Philadelphia Plan
-
overruled state laws that banned contraceptives, right of privacy
-
Tet Offensive 1968 (N Vietnam); response: My Lai Massacre; Tonkin Gulf Resolution: gave pres blank check to spend on conflict
-
(Nixon) gradually withdrew US troops, but continued to supply money/weapons/advice
-
changed meaning of affirmative action, set quotas for hiring minorities--"reverse discrimination"
-
1962 Silent Spring (called out pesticides), 1970 Environmental Protection Agency; Clean Air Act
-
1973 OPEC embargo on oil shipments to US
High oil prices & gas shortages---very reliant on gas/oil; US felt like not strong in the world, contributed to rise of conservatism -
distrust in gov, lead to Nixon's resignation
-
(Warren's liberal court) Legalized abortion
-
1974: can't force students across school district lines--> white flight to suburbs; 1978: spots can't be reserved more minorities just bc of their race
-
school district lines can't be redrawn to fight discrimination
-
1978 Invited pres of Egypt and PM of Israel to conference & signed an accord for Israel to withdraw from territory conquered & Egypt to respect Israeli borders
1979 resumed full diplomatic relations with China; pushed treaties to give Panama Canal to Panamanians (upset conservatives) -
Soviets invaded Afghanistan; Iranian hostage crisis
-
Well intended but disastrous speech by Carter; scolded materialism (viewed as tone deaf bc some ppl struggling to put food on table) , encouraged communal spirit--wanted to boost morale
-
promoted traditional Christian values: opposition to feminism/abortion/gay rights; politically involved--used civil disobedience tactics
-
Causes: energy crisis, stagflation, Carter, sexuality, affirmative action; wanted small fed gov (power from ppl), deregulation, lower taxes, military spending; Reagan- "teflon" pres
-
symbolized materialism & wealth; young urban professionals with fancy watches and cars
-
supply-side (trickle down); tax cuts (less money spent on welfare) & criticized bc wealthy didn't always invest their money
-
wanted to shift power more to states; Strategic Defense Initiative "Star Wars" (missile shield system); escalated arms race
-
1)US hostages by Muslim extremist groups so
US diplomats secretly arranged arms sales to Iran (at war w/ Iraq) in return for release US hostage; at same time continued support Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein
2) left-wing Sandinista gov in Nicaragua & wanted to help the contras resist so
Money from weapon sales to Iran used to help contras in Nicaragua -
last leader Soviet Union, wanted free speech, free market practices, more open to West-- pretty much end of Communist rule
-
1989 Ward’s Cove Packing v. Antonia & Martin v Wilks made harder to prove employers racially discriminated in hiring & easier white men say they’re victims reverse racism
1989 Webster v. Reproductive Health Services allowed Missouri law to impose some restrictions on abortion
1992 Planned Parenthood v. Casey states can restrict access to abortion if they don’t place “undue burden” on women -
1989 Bush sent troops to Panama capture dictator/drug lord Manuel Noriega
1990 Iraq (lead by Saddam--who US had helped during Iraq-Iran war) invaded Kuwait; US condemned
Operation Desert Storm US lead w/ Allies, drove Iraq out of Kuwait--reversed “Vietnam syndrome” -
prohibited discrimination against mental/physical handicaps--equal protections to all, “kinder America”
-
reduced trade barriers (tariffs & preferential treatment) between US/Mexico/Canada
-
Clinton, allowed gay/lesbian soldiers bc forbidden to ask about sexual orientation, could be discharged if publicly revealed homosexuality
-
similar to 1824, election night major TV reporters said Al Gore defeated George W. Bush, Al Gore challenged but Supreme Court prevented formal recount of Florida votes
-
worst case domestic terrorism; hadn’t had foreign attack at home in 200 yrs→ security & society