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The White Primary in Georgia is Abolished
[picture](o http://multimedia.dailyreportonline.com/120anniversary/index.html)Amendment. Due to this, it was made illegal. (All preivious links were for the text any following are for the pictures.) -
The White Primary in Georgia is Abolished
[picture](o http://multimedia.dailyreportonline.com/120anniversary/index.html)[limiting voting capabilites](http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/chronologyentry/1946_04_01/ )The white primaryThe white primary was a way of limiting voting capabilities for African-Americans. The primaries were the pre-elections that were held to determine a party’s candidate. However, Georgia was mostly a one party state. This basically cut the African-Americans out due to the fact they were not allowed to participate in these particular elections and only the general ones. However, during the case King vs. Chapman, the Supreme Court said that it was unconstitutional and contradictory to the 15th -
Integration of the Armed Forces
[picture](o http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20587/20587-h/20587-h.htm)Navy declares they are going to continue working on integration something that they have been working on since WW2. On January 22, 1949 the Air Force declares that it has completed integrating itself and on March 18, 1951, the Department of Defense declares that all forms of basic training have been integrated.
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/desegregation/large/index.php?action=chronology (for text) -
Integration of the Armed Forces
[picture](o http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20587/20587-h/20587-h.htm)[have been integrated](http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/desegregation/large/index.php?action=chronology )During the year of 1948, President Truman was receiving a great deal of pressure from African-American leaders about integration of the armed forces. They even go to the extent of telling him that youths will resist being drafted if the armed forces is not desegregated. President Truman signs Executive Order 9981 on July 26, 1948 declaring for there to be integration in all parts of the military. There was a great deal of resistance to this too. On October 9, 1948, the Navy declares they are -
Brown Vs. Board of Education
[text](o http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/desegregation/large/index.php?action=chronology)[picture](o http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/)Oliver Brown’s daughter, Linda Brown, was an African-American third grader who had to walk over a mile to get to school when there was a white school only a couple of blocks down the street from the Brown household. Her father tried to enroll her in this school but was denied. The NAACP agreed to help and soon, other families had joined in to this. The Board of Education stated that all the schools were equal but in reality, 90% of African-American schools were less than the white schools. -
Brown vs. Board of Education
The Court declared that segregation was unfair because they were not following the equality standards that Plessy vs. Ferguson demanded. They rules that it was unconstitutional and made it so that schools in 21 states were integrated. They didn’t say when they needed to but it was an important step for integrating America. -
Rosa Parks on the Montgomery Bus Boycott
[picture](o http://symonsez.wordpress.com/2010/12/05/the-factual-story-of-rosa-parks-and-the-montgomery-bus-boycott-flowed-like-an-orchestra/)[Rosa Parks (text)](http://www.ushistory.org/us/54b.asp)He and Ralph Abernathy organized a city wide boycott of all the buses because they wanted respect and courtesy for African-Americans. They wanted seating to become a first come, first serve basis. It started on a Monday in December. 99% of the African-American population joined in and the bus companies lost thousands of dollars. On November 23, 1956, the Supreme court “ruled in favor.” http://www.ushistory.org/us/54b.asp (text) -
Rosa Parks and the Mongomery Bus Boycott
[picture](o http://symonsez.wordpress.com/2010/12/05/the-factual-story-of-rosa-parks-and-the-montgomery-bus-boycott-flowed-like-an-orchestra/)Rosa Parks was an African-American woman who worked to make her living. She sat down, tired from the day, when a male white man asked her to move. When she said no he called the bus driver to intervene. He too asked her to move saying that he would have her arrested if she did not. Her response was, “You may do that.” She was arrested and Martin Luther King, Jr., a Atlanta raised man who preached in Montgomery, found out about it. -
Change to GA's Flag
[picture](o http://sos.georgia.gov/archives/museum/html/georgia_state_flag_since_1956.htm)[Confederate (text)](http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/flags/ga_flag.htm )John Sarmmons Bell, Jefferson Lee Davis, and Willis Harden pushed for a new bill to be passed to that a new state flag could be made. The new one flew a common portion of the Confederate Flag. They said that it was to honor the civil war but many people believe it to be offensive because it “flaunted around” a portion of history that they didn’t want to honor;felt it supported white dominance.
Mrs. Winkie’s PowerPoints (text)
http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/f (text) -
Crisis at Central High School and the "Little Rock Nine"
Across the South, the Supreme Court’s ruling was put into action. Little Rock, the capital of Arkansas, tried to start integration with its elementary schools but found that parents were the most outspoken protesters against this. Instead, they started with the High School level with hopes of working down the ladder. On September 4, 1957, nine African-American students, who would later become known as the “little rock nine”, tried to go to Central high they were denied by the National Guard. -
Crisis at Central High School and the "Little Rock Nine"
[picture](o http://www.silvercreek.wclark.k12.in.us/studentwork/webprojects/WebProjects/civilrights/little_rock_nine.htm)[Little Rock Nine (text)](http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=718). They had been called in to “prevent the violence”. The federal government removed the national guard and implanted the army instead. The nine students, several weeks later, were escorted to the schools. After a month of them going to school, they were able to drive there without an armed escort. However, though the mobs left, the students had to deal with a lot of abuse from their classmates and teachers. http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=718 (text) -
Hebrew Benevolent Church Bombed in Atlanta
[picuture](o http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temple_(Atlanta,_Georgia))[attack several other churches](http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1585 (text))This was an old synagogue that was known to the Jewish population as the “Temple” due to the age and sacredness of this place. One of their rabbi’s had become more outspoken on Civil Rights. The “temple” had also tried to integrate previously. They were then bombed about 3 AM one morning. Though no one was hurt, close to $100,000 of damage had been produced. They had become a target of a terrorist group that had attack several other churches previously and then later as well. -
Sibley Commission
[picture](o http://www.ochshorndesign.com/cornell/writings/milstein/index.html)[8 months](o http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2617&hl=y )A committee of people were pulled together to help the governor with integration. The leader of this committee went by the name of John Sibley. He interviewed multiple people to receive an idea on the public’s view on segregation. Of the portion that he talked to, they mostly wanted complete segregation. However, he ignored this data and presented the rest to the General Assembly. 8 months later they issued a statment saying that schools need to be integrated. -
Freedom Rides
[picture](o http://mdah.state.ms.us/freedom/index.php)[MLK](http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/civilrights-55-65/freeride.html (text))The Freedom Riders were a group of men and women who wanted to see if the new interstate transport integration laws were true. They traveled throughout the South, testing to see if it was true. They were stopped in Birmingham by mob that beat them and threw firebombs. They were escorted to New Orleans for their safety but two stayed behind to continue. Another group from Nashville joined the others. More people came when others were arrested. MLK came. -
Integration of UGA
[picture](o http://athenscms.com/oa/zenphoto/010911-uga-desegregation-pioneers/)During Reconstruction, a group of African-American fathers asked for their sons to be enrolled but were not allowed because the man in charge said, “this is a white man school and you are powerless against it.” Later, Henry Ward tried to enroll but was denied because of his ethnicity. He fought in the courts for the right but was drafted into the military. He then returned but was not allowed to enroll because he was already taking classes at another law school. -
Integration of UGA
[picture](o http://athenscms.com/oa/zenphoto/010911-uga-desegregation-pioneers/)[They did return (text)](http://www.libs.uga.edu/hargrett/archives/integration/integration1.html )He did return again when two teenagers were trying to enroll. They were allowed to go to UGA but were later suspended for their “safety”. Over three hundred teachers then signed a document demanding the immediate return of the two students. They did return. -
Albany Movement
[picture](o http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/tdgh-dec/dec11.htm)[vote (text)](http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1057)A protest in Albany showing that African-Americans wanted to be able to vote there. Many people were jailed as well as Martin Luther King, Jr. He was arrested multiple times but was always bailed out. The local police chief was very clever because he found a way to stop the protesters. He put those he jailed into any place that he could including neighboring county jails, barns, and warehouses. MLK ran out of protesters before the police chief ran out of space. THe people were able to vote. -
Birmingham, Alabama Protests
[picture](o http://civilrights.ua.edu/?page_id=19)[others (text)](http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_birmingham_campaign/ )The protests were boycotts on merchants’ goods during the second largest buying season of the year. They also included sit-ins, marches, and other forms of protesting. Many adult protesters were jailed so Martin Luther King, Jr. and other local leaders encouraged children to participate. Later, thousands of students marched but were viciously attack by local law enforcement. MLK agreed with local leaders to stop protests when their demands were met and they talked about others. -
Washington, D.C.
[picture](o http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/march-washington-jobs-and-freedom-august-28-1963)A culmination of multiple marches sense Birmingham. The big 6 organizations joined together to March in Washington. Over a quarter of a million people came to march. They had huge national TV coverage. MLK’s famous speech “I have a Dream” was spoken here. Though there were many police units set up, many remarked on how peaceful the marchers were.
http://www.infoplease.com/spot/marchonwashington.html (text) -
John F. Kennedy Assassination
[picture](o http://crimemagazine.com/taxonomy/term/4 )President Kennedy was working on him campaign and he was in Texas. He knew that there was a radical group that, though small, would make itself known during his time in Texas. He still went. When he was going through Dallas, he was shot as was the governor. They sped to the hostipal. JFK died. They arrested Lee Henry Oswald for the murder of JFK. He was then killed, point blank, by Jack Ruby.
http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/November-22-1963-Death-of-the-President.aspx?p=3 (text) -
16th Street Bapstist Church in Birmingham is Bombed
[picture](o http://students.cis.uab.edu/allic14/16thstreetinfopage.html)The KKK bombed the church a little before the 11 o’clock session killing four little girls. Three of them had a joint funeral where MLK said “ (that) they were martyrs”. This and JFK’s assassination were thoughts to be a huge help in the 1964 Civil Right Act will be passed.http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/al11.htm (text) -
Civil Rights Act 0f 1964 is passed
[picture](o http://blsciblogs.baruch.cuny.edu/his1005spring2011/2011/04/24/civil-rights-act-of-1964/)It was passed with huge support from MLK. Originally proposed by JFK but he wasn’t able to finish it due to his assassination. It declared that racial, nationality, religious, and gender discrimination were illegal. It ordered for all pools, public areas, schools, lunch counters, and so forth to be integrated. http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_civil_rights_act_of_1964/ (text) -
Voting RIghts Act of 1965 is passed
[picture](o http://www.crmvet.org/info/votehist.htm)The Voting Rights act of 1965 opened up a lot of opportunities for African Americans to vote. It made many of the southern laws that were passed to keep them from voting illegal. They were now allowed to vote and register. The persentages went up from about 5% to 60% in AL.
http://core-online.org/History/voting_rights.htm (text) -
Summerhill Race Riot (ATL)
[picture](o http://album.atlantahistorycenter.com/store/Products/85965-summerhill-riot.aspx )After a African-American car thief was shot by a white police officer, people began rioting. Eventually over a hundred people were arrested and close to 40 were injured.
http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gafulton/atlantahistorystuff.html (text) -
Martin Luther King, Jr. Assassinated
[picture](o http://album.atlantahistorycenter.com/store/Products/85965-summerhill-riot.aspx)He had come to Memphis to help the sanitation workers. When getting ready for dinner, he stepped outside onto the balcony and a shot rang out through the air. He was said delcared dead 2 hours later. ATL was thought that it would go into violence, but instead it only worked harder to integrate and have equal rights.
<a href='http://history1900s.about.com/cs/martinlutherking/a/mlkas ' >text -
GA Integration of Schools
[picture](o http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-aftermath.html)[text](http://mgagnon.myweb.uga.edu/students/3090/04SP3090-Jordan.htm)The Board vs. Brown caused a law to be passed that segregation is illegal. Then, in Georgia, the Freedom of Choice was given to the people on whether or not they could integrate their schools. Overall, the people resisted but eventually they exepted it.
