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The Indian independence movement was a series of historic events with the ultimate aim of ending British rule in India. Was successful in doing so.
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Act of civil disobedience led by Mohandas Gandhi to protests British rule in India. During the march, thousands of Indians followed Gandhi from his religious retreat near Ahmedabad to the Arabian Sea coast, a distance of some 240 miles. It began with Britains salt tax which forbid Indians from collecting or selling salt which was major in their diet. -
A member of the African National Congress party beginning in the 1940s, he was a leader of both peaceful protests and armed resistance against the white minority’s oppressive regime in a racially divided South Africa. -
In 1943, Nelson Mandela resumed his studies of higher education, enrolling in a correspondence course at the University of South Africa, to which he devoted time at night. After he passed the exams to get his B.A. Mandela returned to Johannesburg to become a lawyer, which would help him get into politics. -
For nearly three decades there had been a nationalist struggle in British India by those who wanted independence from British rule. There was also tension between Hindus and Muslims in India, which was leading to the idea that the independent region should be divided into two states. -
1957, the Gold Coast (now known as Ghana) gained independence from Britain. Ghana became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and was led to independence by Kwame Nkrumah who transformed the country into a republic, with himself as president for life.
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A collection of several boycotts and riots for different rights in Ghana. One was by ex-servicemen who were unarmed agitated for their legitimate rights being taken away as veterans. -
Apartheid - a system of legislations upholding segregation against non-white citizens of South Africa. After the National Party gained power in South Africa in 1948, its all-white government immediately began enforcing existing policies of racial segregation. This caused a lot of controversy and was brutal. -
In 1952, the government enacted an even more rigid law that required all African males over the age of 16 to carry a “reference book” containing personal information and employment history. Africans often were compelled to violate the pass laws to find work to support their families, so harassment, fines, and arrests under the pass laws were a constant threat to many urban Africans. -
This as a war in the British Kenyan Colony between the Kenya Land and Freedom Army aka the Mau Mau and British Authorities.
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Two types of work camps were set up. The first type were based in Kikuyu districts with the stated purpose of achieving the Swynnerton Plan; the second were punitive camps, designed for the 30,000 Mau Mau suspects who were deemed unfit to return to the reserves. -
The Bantustans were created by the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959, which abolished indirect representation of blacks in Pretoria and divided Africans into ten ethnically discrete groups, each assigned a traditional “homeland.” Established on the territorial foundations imposed by the Land Act of 1913 (amended in 1936), the homelands constituted only 13% of the land—for approximately 75% of the population. -
A nationalist movement in the Belgian Congo that stated the end of colonial rule. This led to the country's independence in 1960. Minimal preparations had been made and many issues, such as federalism, tribalism, and ethnic nationalism, remained unsolved.
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Prime minister of the Republic of the Congo, Patrice Lumumba, was executed with the assistance of the governments of Belgium and the United States. King Baudouin of Belgium came to grant independence. Lumumba was considered ungrateful and rude after a speed targeting Belgians. They called him a communist. He believed that the wealth of Congo should remain in Congo to create a strong society. The U.S. CIA and Britain and Belgium paid a group of Congolese military men to kill him. -
In 1961 Mandela was arrested for treason and again in 1962 for illegally leaving the country. In 1964 he was charged for sabotage and was convicted to life in prison. -
Cambodia turned it's people and it's allies, including the US, against Cambodian communists. However the communists gained support from Vietcong.
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There was an integration center, one of the largest. The Khmer Rouge renamed the complex "Security Prison 21" (S-21) and construction began to adapt the prison for the inmates. -
Blacks were forcibly removed to distant segregated townships, sometimes 19 miles from places of employment in the central cities. In Cape Town, many informal settlements were destroyed. In one
incident over four days in 1985, Africans resisted being moved from Crossroads to the new government-run Khayelitsha township farther away; 18 people were killed and 230 were injured. -
Mandela was released 27 years later when F.W de Klerk ordered the release of Mandela and set about dismantling apartheid. -
Mandela and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize after leading the ANC in its negotiations with the minority government to end apartheid and establish a multiracial government. -
A year after winning the peace prize, South Africa had its first series of free elections where the ANC won the majority of the free elections and Mandela was elected the South African President. -
Nelson Mandela died in 2013 at the age of 95. He still remained part of several movements after his presidential term was over and made a difference around the world especially in Africa. Today he is studied in History classes everywhere and is still involved in other movements through other citizens.