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Even though many predicted a civil war during the campaign for the Election of 1800, it was the first election in modern history that saw an orderly transfer of power from one political party to another. -
The shift from hand-made products to the mass production of goods with water, coal, & steam-powered machines. Replaced skilled workers with machines that can create almost any product during the time period. Create a labor demand, which impacted men, women, and children. Mill work offered women the choice to work outside of the house to make extra money, sometimes even children. The competition for jobs & wages increased. The revolution made rural villages into griming industrial cities.
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Louisiana was owned by Spain, but was forced to give the land back to France. Jefferson sent an ambassador to France to try to acquire, the dynamic crossroad of, New Orleans from them; however, Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana to the U.S. for 3 cents an acre. Jefferson agreed and the Federalists were outraged because they stated the president didn't have the power purchase land, much less use the U.S's money. -
Before John Adams left office, he put as many Federalists in office as he could. However, Thomas Jefferson withheld the judgeship commissions. One of the Federalists that Adams appointed was Marbury, who found out about it and decided to fight Madison in court for it. During which, Chief Justice John Marshall, declared the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional, therefore elevating the power of the supreme court, by giving them the power of judicial review. -
Jefferson appointed Lewis to go explore the Louisiana territory that he had just purchased. Around half a year into the expedition, they got help from Sacagawea, a young Indian wife, after they helped deliver her baby. She provided crucial assistance as a guide, translator, and negotiator in Upper Missouri.
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Jefferson signed a landmark bill that prohibited anymore slaves from being imported because of fear of a revolt. However, thousands of slaves would be smuggled in for years to come. -
During the first half of the 19th Century, cotton had become so profitable that many plantation owners started calling it "White Gold." Whitney's cotton gin made it easier, cheaper, and faster to process cotton, reducing the price of producing cotton by 90%. Cotton made up 60% of U.S exports by the eve of the American Civil War. Contributed to the growth of demand in slave labor, since cotton was a labor intensive crop to pick. -
Frequently called the second War of Independence. A war caused by the British impressing U.S sailors, trade restrictions, low national pride, and the British presence in North America. Ended by the Treaty of Ghent. Although the war didn't accomplish as much as other wars, it restored national pride, reopened trade/relations, established official Canada and U.S. border, and removed all British presence in North America.
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The first time the U.S passed a protective tariff on its goods. Passed in order to protect early manufacturing business from the more advanced business in Europe, once the Embargo Act was removed. The North mostly benefited from this, while the South weren't very excited taxing European goods. -
Steam boats- Boats powered by wood-powered engines, could go up & down stream. Created a transcontinental market and agricultural market.
Erie Canal- Most important barge canal, connected the Hudson River with the Great Lakes. Sometimes called the "river of gold".
Railroads- Faster, more efficient, more versatile than canals, & encouraged western settlement.
Clipper Ships- Small, twice-as-fast boats, favored by merchants.
Internal transportation improvements increased the flow of goods. -
Farmers shifting from subsistence(growing enough for family) agriculture to commercial(growing food to sell and have for yourself) agriculture. Exchange of goods or work for money increasingly drove the economy. Created the first stage of a market economy, boom-&-bust cycles.
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Postal Service & delivery- The number of postal offices went from mid 70's to 28,000 in just 70 years. The new steam-powered printing press made each newspaper printed only 1 cent.
Pony express- The process of one raider riding as fast as they can to another rider and so on until the mail is delivered.
Telegraph system- System of electric powered communication, invented by Samuel Morse, that could send messages across great distances almost instantly. Revolutionized communication forever. -
Forced Native American tribes to migrate westward, about a 1,000 mile march. Thousands of men, women, and children died from diseases, starvation, and exhaustion. Threatened by land grabs of westward expansion. -
Unions were formed by skilled workers to respond to poor wage and harsh labor conditions.The case was brought before the Supreme Court on the subject, if labor unions should be allowed to form. Ended with the court saying that the formation of a union wasn't in itself illegal. -
Enormous expansion of the railroad system; connects the country together, creating a flow of ideas. Communication improves along with the railroads (telephone lines built next to tracks). The railroads had carried the country forward.
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America had split into two groups, the Union(North) and the Confederacy(South), mainly over the moral acceptance of slavery. The North and South have debated for years ,over economic policies & practices, culture, and power of the federal government, ever since the creation of the first political parties. The Union ultimately won the war thanks to superior resources, communication, transportation, & leadership. The Confederacy lost mainly because they weren't as united, socially, as the North.
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The Confederacy was abolished, U.S strength was shown even when divided, and 3 Constitutional amendments were added: 13th(abolition of slavery), 14th(granting of equal citizenship), 15th(voting rights to former slaves). -
An act passed by Congress to protect all citizens right, regardless of color, to have access to theaters, public schools, churches, etc. Although this act/bill was passed, the government could not stop discrimination in the nation and less than 10 years, was ruled unconstitutional.