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document signed by king john of England that set up the first limited government -
the 13 American colonies severed their political connections to Great Britain -
the supreme law of the United States, and it defines the structure and operation of the US government -
provides that Congress make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise -
Right to Bear Arms -
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. -
gives Congress the power to levy income taxes without having to consider population when apportioning those taxes among the states -
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, -
guarantees the right to a grand jury, forbids “double jeopardy,” and protects against self-incrimination. -
sets forth rights related to criminal prosecutions -
protects the rights of the accused in criminal prosecutions -
protects against excessive bail, fines, and cruel and unusual punishments -
abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States and its territories, except as punishment for a crime -
the enumeration of certain rights in the Constitution does not deny or disparage other rights retained by the people -
any powers not given to the federal government are reserved for the states or the people -
protects the right to a jury trial in civil cases and prohibits judges from overturning a jury's findings of fact -
outlines the process for electing the President and Vice President -
limits the ability of people to sue states in federal court if they are not citizens of those states -
prohibits the federal government and states from denying the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude -
grants citizenship and equal protection under the law to all people born or naturalized in the United States -
was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court that established the principle of judicial review, meaning that American courts have the power to strike down laws and statutes they find to violate the Constitution of the United States -
a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision that defined the scope of the U.S. Congress's legislative power and how it relates to the powers of American state legislatures -
a Supreme Court case that famously expounded upon the powers of the commerce clause, setting the precedent of Congress's broad ability to regulate interstate and some intrastate commerce -
was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that held the U.S. Constitution did not extend American citizenship to people of black African descent, and therefore they could not enjoy the rights and privileges the Constitution conferred upon American citizens -
a U.S. government agency that provided assistance to formerly enslaved people and impoverished whites in the years following the Civil War -
The United States purchased Alaska from Russia on October 18, 1867 for $7.2 million, which is about $119 million in today's dollars. The purchase was negotiated by Secretary of State William Seward and Russian Minister to the United States Edouard de Stoeckl. -
The United States Department of Justice, also known as the Justice Department, is a federal executive department of the United States government tasked with the enforcement of federal law and administration of justice in the United States. It is equivalent to the justice or interior ministries of other countries -
firmly established the principles of frequent parliaments, free elections and freedom of speech within Parliament -
was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision ruling that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for people of color were equal in quality to those of white people, a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal" -
prohibited the production, sale, and transportation of alcohol for consumption within the United States. It also prohibited the import and export of alcohol. -
was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States upholding the criminal arrests of several defendants under the Sedition Act of 1918, which was an amendment to the Espionage Act of 1917 -
granted women the right to vote -
also known as the Snyder Act, granted citizenship to all Native Americans born in the United States -
changed the start and end dates of terms for the president, vice president, and members of Congress:
President and vice president: Terms begin on January 20 instead of March 4
Members of Congress: Terms begin on January 3 instead of March 4
Succession: If the president-elect dies before taking office, -
repealed the 18th Amendment, which had prohibited the production, sale, and transportation of alcohol nationwide. -
limits the number of terms a person can serve as president to two -
The Supreme Court ruled that separating children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional -
gives residents of Washington, D.C. the right to vote in presidential elections -
a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in which the Court ruled that the exclusionary rule, which prevents a prosecutor from using evidence that was obtained by violating the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, applies to states as well as the federal government -
was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools, due to violation of the First Amendment -
the Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution requires U.S. states to provide attorneys to criminal defendants who are unable to afford their own -
Elimination of Poll Taxes -
New major federal programs that addressed civil rights, education, medical care, urban problems, rural poverty, and transportation were launched during this period. -
a Supreme Court case that established that the police must inform a suspect of their rights before questioning them in custody -
clarifies that the vice president becomes president if the president dies, resigns, or is removed from office by impeachment -
established the minimum age to vote in the United States at 18 years old -
established the direct election of United States senators in each state. -
was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the Constitution of the United States generally protected a right to have an abortion -
any change to the salary of a member of Congress can only take effect after the next House of Representatives election -
was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court on December 12, 2000, that settled a recount dispute in Florida's 2000 presidential election between George W. Bush and Al Gore -
Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that U.S. state laws criminalizing sodomy between consenting adults are unconstitutional