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How rules were enforced
Some ways they enforced the rules at the school:
Needles inserted into tongues for speaking their language
A leather strap used to hit on various areas of the body
Beating with sts
Burning and scalding hands
Inflicting beatings until unconscious
Starvation
Shaming
Public beatings of naked children
Public strip search
Genital search
Sexual abuse
Locking in closets, cages, and basements -
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Indian Residential Schools
Residential Schools were used to assimilate Indians into society and were operated between the 1870's and the 1990's. These schools were mainly located off reserves and more than 150,000 kids from age 4-16 attended these schools. -
Indian Act
The Indian Act was first introduced in 1876 to colonize and assimilate Indian into the Euro-Canadian society. This gave power to the government over the way the indigenous people live, including their Indian status, land, resources, wills, education, band administration and so on. -
Quote from Nicholas Flood Davin
“...[I]f anything is to be done with the Indian, we must catch him very young. The children must be kept constant within the circle of civilized conditions.” Nicholas Flood Davin, “Report on Industrial Schools for Indians and Half-Breeds,” 1879. -
Quote on deaths about Indian Residential Schools
According to Saturday Night magazine, reporting on residential schools, Nov. 23, 1907: "Indian boys and girls are dying like flies... Even war seldom shows as large a percentage of fatalities as does the education system we have imposed on our Indian wards." -
Age change for Residential Schools
In 1920, amendments were made so that it was mandatory for every Indian child to go to Residential Schools from the age of 7 to 16. -
Permission slip to leave the reserve
Indigenous peoples had to have a permission slip to leave the reserve. This was not a law in the Indian Act, but it did give power to the Federal Government and its representatives. For example Indian Agents, they could implement and enforce such policies, like this one. -
Guardianship of the children
In 1933, legal guardianship of the Indigenous children attending Indian Residential Schools was assumed by the principle of the school, upon the forcible surrender of legal custody by parents. -
AIM
Adopt Indian and Métis children (AIM), was a program set up by Saskatchewan’s Department of Social Services with the aim of placing First Nations and Métis kids in white households. They would place newspaper ads with children's faces on them -
Social Workers (sixties scoop)
In the 1960s, the child welfare system did not require or expect, social workers to have training in dealing with children in Aboriginal communities. Many of these social workers were completely unfamiliar with the culture or history of the Aboriginal communities What they believed create proper care was generally based on middle-class Euro-Canadian values. -
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Sixties Scoop
The Sixties Scoop was for Indigenous children to be put into new homes because of the assumption that Indigenous people were not capable of providing for their children. Nearly 11,132 children were adopted between 1960 and 1990, but the numbers might be much higher. The AIM program was created. -
Effects of sixties scoop
Children growing up in conditions of suppressed identity and abuse tend eventually to experience psychological and emotional problems. For many children, these problems didn't come till later on in life when they learned about their birth family or their heritage. Social work professor Raven Sinclair describes these experiences as creating “tremendous obstacles to the development of a strong and healthy sense of identity for the transracial adoptee.” -
AIM video ad
Saskatchewan Minister of Welfare goes on TV to announce adoption program for Indigenous children.
http://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1190542915827 -
AIM ad
One of the many AIM ads, on newspapers, trying to sell Indigenous children. "The little stories that were written up [to accompany the ads] — when I look at it now, I think about when you're looking to adopt a pet," -Nora Cummings -
United Church of Canada apologizes
The United Church of Canada formally apologizes to Canada's First Nations people. -
Last Residential School
The last Residential School was in Saskatchewan in 1996 -
Official apology
Stephen Harper announced an official apology in The House of Commons.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCpn1erz1y8 -
Sixties scoop statistics
This chart shows the age groups of aboriginals in Hamilton and Ontario, compared to Hamilton's general population. -
Sixties Scoop adoptees share emotional stories, seek apology
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Deaths of Residential schools to deaths of WWII
TRC chair Justice Murray also revealed that the TRC has documents of the deaths from residential schools, it states that there are over 6000 students that died from their experience in the schools. The deaths of the children put the odds of dying in Canadian residential schools over the years they operated at roughly about the same as serving for Canada's armed forces in WWII. -
Marcel Guiboche Experience in residential schools
“A sister, a nun started talking to me in English and French, and yelling at me. I did not speak English, and didn’t understand what she, what she was asking. She got very upset, and started hitting me all over my body, hands, legs and back. I began to cry, yell, and became very scared, and this infuriated her more. She got a black strap and hit me some more.” -Marcel Guiboche -
Video- Decades from suffering in residential schools
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Betty Ann " I feel ripped off " (sixties scoop)
