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In his work De optimo genere oratorum he outlines his approach to translation as avoiding the then normal practice of word-for-word translation, aiming instead to reproduce the general style and force of the language (literal and free translation).
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St. Jerome was the first to note differences between two versions of a bible (greek and hebrew). He explained that he had translated not word-for-word but sense-for-sense therefore setting out the dichotomy that would dominate much of the study of translation until the 20th century
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A period of intense translation activity centred in Baghdad, encompassing a range of languages and topics but centred on the translation into Arabic of greek scientific and philosophical material.
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Italian humanist who translated philosophical works of the classical greek and latin authors, with a high ececclesiastical position. Bruni placed strong emphasis on retaining the style of the original author, which he saw he saw as an amalgam of the order and rhythm of the words and the polish and elegance of the original. The only correct way to translate.
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German priest and theologian who was a leading figure of the protestant reformation in europe. He translated first the new testament (1522) and later the old testament (1534) nto east central german. To the accusation that he had altered the holy scriptures in his translations, he countered by saying that he was translating into pure clear german and rejected the word-for-word translation strategy since it would be unable to convey the same meaning as the ST.
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In his 1540 manuscript la manière de bien traduire d’une langue en aultre, he set five principles of the process of translation in order of importance. Condemned for adding rien du tout (nothing t all) in a passage about what existed after death
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In his translation of Ovid’s Epistles in 1680, reduces translation in three categories. 1.-Metaphrase (word-for-word, literal translation)
2.- Paraphrase (sense-for-sense translation)
3.- Imitation literal translation -
Alexander tytler in his treaty essay on The Principles of Translation constitutes one of the first comprehensive and systematic studies of translation with three general laws.
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Schleiermacher in his seminal lecture On the different methods of translating (1813) distinguished 2 types of translation to move the writer to the reader (dolmetscher) or to move the reader to the writer (Ubersetzer).
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Chinese thinker and translator who proposes three translation principles. Xìn (fidelity), dá (fluency) and ya (elegance)
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Translation automatically generated by computer software.
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Jean paul vinay and Jean darbelnet in their stylistique comparée du français et de l’anglais described two different translation strategies and procedures. Direct and oblique translation.
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In his paper On linguistic Aspect of Translation describes three categories of translation: Intralingual, Interlingual, and Intersemiotic.
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Linguist and translator
Nida described two types of equivalence in translation: formal and dynamic equivalence. For nida, the success of a translation depend above all on achieving an equivalent effect -
In his book a linguistic Theory of Translation applies advances in linguistic to translation. Distinguishes between formal correspondence and textual equivalence in translation.
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Scholar who named and defined the field of translation studies as a distinctive discipline he put a framework of what translation studies should cover, comprising two branches, pure and applied.
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Gideon Toury Israeli scholar and founder of the branch of empirical descriptive translation studies.
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Professor who founded the Centre for Translation and Comparative Cultural Studies at the University of Warwick, Uk
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Dubbing, voice-over and subtitling are the most common modalities adopted in audiovisual translation.
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CAT tools a term used to refer to different software applications used by professional translators to assist translation and localization.
