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History.com
The Crusades started in 1095 when Pope Urban II ordered Christian armies to go to war with Muslim forces. The Crusades lasted from 1095 till 1229. The Crusades connected Europeans with Islamic traders who had access to trade routes in Asia. Europeans began to be interested in the rest of the world. -
Brunelleschi's DomeIn 1418, the Florence Cathedral started a contest and were looking for architects and engineers to sumbit models for a dome for the top of their church. They wanted a specific dome; they wanted a dome without the assistance of supports. A man named Filippo Brunelleschi won with a plan he created over years of examining Roman ruins. Throughout the project, Brunelleschi had to invent machines to bring materials to the top of the building.
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Printing Press In 1455, Johann Gutenburg created the printing press in Germany. His methods spread rapidly. By 1500 around half a million books were in curcilation. Religious works, Greek and Roman classics, scientific texts, etc. Without the printing press, the Prostestant Reformation might have failed.
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During the Renaissance, The Catholic Chuch asked Raphael to paint a room in the vatican, and in this painting he used both secular and religious scences. He depicts Greek and Romans philosophers. He depicts the philosophers realitically, and he also incorporates Micelangelo and da Vinci, people he looked up to. He was able to combine humanism and religion into one painting; balancing the two.
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David Michelangeo's David is the most famous example of high Renaissance scultures. It represents David from the Old Testament of the Bible. Michelangelo modeled David on Greek and Roman statues. It is realistic, and idealized depictions of the human form. Michelangeo was able to create such a realitic sculpture because he studied anatomy.
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Da Vinchi Leonardo da Vinci was very know for his artistic talent. He was known for his painting, The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa, But da Vinci's work was more than his artistic ability. His observations and inventions were recorded in pages of notes and drawings, including designs for flying machines, plant structures, war machinery, anatomy and architecture.
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In 1512, Machiavelli was exiled from the city and was sent to his father's house south of Florence. In 1513, Machiavelli wrote The Prince, which was a guidebook on ruling based on his experience working for the government. The Prince was widely read due to the printing press. The Prince has influenced philosophers and rulers throughout history.
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Martin Luther In 1517, the Church was handing out indulgences in order to build St. Peter's Basillica. Martin Luther did not agree with the ways of the Church, so he wrote 95 theses, which laid out a critique of the indulgences as corrupting people's fatih, and nailed them onto the Church's doors. Martin Luther was one of the first people to challenge the Church for their wrongdoings, and he inspired people to follow.
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Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus was an astronomer who, through obseervations, hypothesised that the solar system was heliocentric, or sun centered. The accepted belief at the time was that earth was at the center and the plants surrounded it. Later on a man named Galileo Galilei, who supported the Copernican Theory, invented the telescope and discoverd Copernicus was correct. The Church accused him twice of heresy even though he had evidence to prove them wrong.
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An English politician named Francis Bacon developed a method for weighing the truthfulness of knowledge. Bacon insisited that scientists must doubt everything before assuming something. In order to yest an hypotheses, Bacon created a method where scientits set up experiments. Bacon insisted that experiments must be repeated before the truth can be known. The scientific method is a step by step process to ask and answer scientific questions by making observations and doing experiments.
