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Over centuries, Christianity expanded from being a small sect in the Roman Empire to becoming the dominant religion across Europe, influencing politics, culture, and everyday life. -
The collapse of the Roman Empire marked the beginning of the Middle Ages. It fragmented Europe, leading to the rise of numerous kingdoms and the spread of Christianity. -
Charles Martel’s victory over the Muslim forces in the Battle of Tours prevented the Islamic expansion into Western Europe, marking a significant turning point in European history. -
William the Conqueror’s victory at Hastings marked the beginning of Norman rule in England and the profound restructuring of English society and culture. -
The creation of the University of Bologna marked the beginning of medieval higher education, which would later spread across Europe and shape intellectual life. -
A series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims for control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land had profound effects on European, Byzantine, and Islamic civilizations. -
King John of England was forced to sign the Magna Carta, a foundational document for the rule of law and constitutional government, limiting the power of the monarchy and laying the groundwork for modern democracy. -
The plague killed an estimated 25-30 million people in Europe, devastating populations and economies, and leading to major social, economic, and cultural shifts. -
A prolonged conflict between England and France, marked by major battles like Agincourt and the rise of figures like Joan of Arc, ended with the expulsion of the English from most of France and shifted the balance of power in Europe. -
The Ottoman Empire’s conquest of the Byzantine capital marked the end of the Roman Empire, with profound consequences for both Eastern and Western Europe. It also prompted new trade routes and contributed to the Renaissance.