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He was known by one of his greatest paradox weakness of will – doing wrong when you genuinely knew what was right – truly existed. He seemed to think otherwise: people only did wrong when at the moment the perceived benefits seemed to outweigh the costs. Hence, the development of personal ethics is mastering what he called “the art of measurement,” correcting the distortions that skew one’s analyses of benefit and cost.
https://www.history.com/topics/ancienthistory/socrates -
"It is only by being virtuous that we can hope to be happy." He referred ethics to as a concern to act rightly and live a good life. His main concern is to challenge the views most people have about goodness, for it is here that they go disastrously wrong in trying to live happy lives.
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His ethics was concerned with action, not as being right in itself irrespective of any other consideration, but with actions conducive to man’s good. Aristotle sets himself to discover what this good is and what the science corresponding to it is (Copleston, 1993). He argued that virtues are good habits that we acquire, which regulates our emotions. He also argued that most virtues fall at a mean between extreme character traits (Fieser, 2003).
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Hobbes’ moral positivism anticipates the chaotic outcome if laws are not abided. He believed that human beings are
basically selfish creatures who would do anything to improve
their position. He also believed that the creation of laws and the obedience of its subjects are important in the order and maintenance of peace in countries (Roa, 2007). -
He was the Founder of Classical Utilitarianism. The principle of utility that he came upon in the year 1869 in foundation of utilitarian ethics, states that any action is right when it increases happiness, and wrong when increases pain. He views happiness simply as pleasure and the absence of pain and could be quantified according to its intensity and duration.
https://www.utilitarianism.net/utilitarian-thinker/jeremy-bentham -
Mill's Ethical Theory is most extensively articulated in his classical text Utilitarianism (1861). Its goal is to justify the utilitarian principle as the foundation of morals. This principle says actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote overall human happiness. So, Mill focuses on consequences of actions and not on rights nor ethical sentiments.
https://iep.utm.edu/mill-eth
