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Marbury vs. Madison
In the 1800s, the weeks before Thomas Jefferson’s inauguration as president. In March 1801, the lame-duck Federalist Congress created 16 new circuit judgeships (in the Judiciary Act of 1801) and an unspecified number of new judgeships (in the Organic Act). Adams proceeded to fill with Federalists in an effort to preserve his party’s control of the judiciary. Overall, Marshall gained for the court a far-more-significant power, that of judicial review. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
In 1892, Plessy decided to participate in a test to challenge the Act as to sit in 'whites only' Louisiana train. However, it backfired on Plessy because he was asked to leave his seat but refused to and was arrested. Plessy's lawyers stated that the Separate Car Act had violated the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. The judge found that Louisiana could enforce this law as it affected railroads within its boundaries. segregation did not in itself constitute unlawful discrimination. -
Brown v. Board Of Education
In the 1950s, Linda Brown’s father and several parents from her school filed suit against the Board of Education of the City of Topeka, Kansas in the United States District Court for the District of Kansas. A parent believed that the separate schools were unconstitutional because they violated the fourteenth amendment. The Supreme Court heard the arguments as they take it up to the court and it was decided until 1954. The final decision was that segregation violated the 14th Amendment. -
New York Times vs. Sullivan
In the 1960s, New York Times falsely report on Sullivan's crimes which is not true. Sullivan intended to sue the New York times for false crimes. After losing an appeal in the Supreme Court of Alabama, the New York Times took its case to the United States Supreme Court arguing that the ad was not meant to hurt Sullivan's reputation and was protected under the First Amendment -
Pennsylvania Association of Retarded Children v. Commonwealth
In 1971, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania was sued by PARC because of a law of authority to deny free education to children. However, it was the first lawsuit that challenge such laws and set new standards for education laws. It impacted the parents to fight their disabled children's right to free education. Many lawsuits came more and yet it was successful across the world. -
Title IX
Title IX protects people from discrimination based on sex in education programs or activities that receive federal financial assistance. Title IX stated that "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." Although, it shows that you are not alone and have a right to speak out. -
Education of all handicapped childern act
In 1975, EAHCA made a law to require all public schools to provide appropriate educational strengthened and expanded over the years. How did this happen? Well, it all started with a kid named Hector who participated in a behavioral program and improve his actions in social skills which helped to support the states and localities in protecting the rights as meeting the needs of improvement. Many improvements helped to create early intervention programs and services for EAHCA. -
Plyer v. Doe
In 1982, due to the case, the jury stated that undocumented resident aliens cannot be treated as a "suspect class." It was said that education is not a "fundamental right," so as to require the State to justify the statutory classification by showing that it serves a compelling governmental interest. It impacted so much on disabled students as they wanted a fair and equal education. However, it stated that the states cannot deny free public education. -
Missouri vs. Jenkins
In 1989, the court issued an order detailing a desegregation remedy and the financing necessary to implement it. It held that those limitations must fall to the Constitution's command and affirmed all of the District Court's actions taken to that point. It prevented the KCMSD to raise sufficient funds for schools. Finally, the decision has exceeded to correct intentional racial discrimination in Kansa City schools to increase remedial education programs. -
Chipman vs. Grant County School District
In 1998, Chasity Glass was given birth to a daughter, but it led to the school district telling her to leave due to pregnancy-related conditions. However, this prohibition against gender discrimination includes discrimination on the basis of pregnancy conditions. Although, pregnant women must be treated the same way as any employees or students as the policy says. This win of the case helped many pregnant women in school to finish their education.