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White Primary is Abolished in Georgia
The White Primary was used to keep blacks from voting at the end of the Civil War. The US Constitution didn't specify the types of elections blacks could vote in, so we used the primary elections to keep them from voting. Blacks were not allowed to vote in priamary elections, In Georgia the primary elections was the biggest election anyway, so by the time the blacks could vote the winner had basically already been chosen. The reason was that we were a one party state. -
White Primary is Abolished in Georgia
King v. Chapman is the Supreme Court case that went down in 1946. Although Eugene Talmadge wanted to block equality of the races in voting, the Supreme Court Ruled that white primary systems were unconstitutional. Link to Picture
http://www.applet-magic.com/talmadge.jpg Link to info http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-3507 -
Integration of armed forces
On July 26, 1948, Harry S. Truman issued the ExecutiveOrder number 9981, which basically Integrated the armed forces. The reason he did it was because since 1947 he had noticed segregation in the armed forces. In 1948 it was made obvious by White House Memos that Truman wanted to end segregation of the armed forces. -
Integration of the armed forces
The exact words of of the Excecutive Order number 9981 were, "It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color." Although this act was passed, complete integration didn't happen untill the Korean War. Link to info
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/anniversaries/desegblurb.htm Link to Piture
http://www.shmoop.com/media/images/large/harry-truman.jpeg -
Brown vs Board of Education
Brown vs Board of Education was the court case that declared that having seperate schools for blacks and whites was unconstitutional. This case also overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson case that made it leegal to seperate the races in "Seperate but equal facilities". 13 Topeka, Kansas parents filed a class action suit against the Topeka Board of Education in 1951. The Plantiff was Oliver Brown. -
Brown vs Board of Education
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Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for not letting a white man have her seat on the bus. Dr. Martin Luther King had a meeting and told all blacks to boycott the bus company by not riding the bus. On December 5, 1955, almost all blacks refused to ride th bus. On January 30, 1956, Martin Luther Kings house was bombed. The Boycott continued for another year, untill the Supreme Court ended it. On November 13, 1956 the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on busses was illegal. -
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Link to info
http://www.holidays.net/mlk/rosa.htm Link to Picture
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Rosa_Parks_Bus.jpg -
Change to Georgias state flag
In 1955, people began wanting to add the Confederate flag to Georgias flag. Atlanta Attorney John Sammons Bell, and state senators Jefferson Lee Davis and Willis Harden introduced the bill to change the flag in 1956. While many said it was to honor the 100th annivesary of the Civil War, many thought the flag was racist. The new flag used a different version of the State Seal, and had the Confederate flag instead of the three red and white stripes. -
Change to Georgia State Flag
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Crisis at Central High School and "Little Rock Nine"
The "Little Rock Nine" was a group of black students that went to Little Rock Central Highschool. The Crisis at Central High School was when students were prevented to go to the segregated school. Governor Orval Faubus segregated the school. Then later the NAACP allowed 9 black students into the school (Little Rock Nine). The students were treated very uinfairly. Some got verbally abused, but others were abused physically. -
Crisis at Central High School and "Littl Rock Nine"
One student got acid thrown into her eyes and another got suspended for the rest of the year for spilling chili on someone. Link to info
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine Link to Picture
http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/buildings/litlrck2.JPG -
Hebrew Benevolent Congregation in ATL bombed
On October 12, 1958, dynamite sticks exploded at the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation. No one was hurt in the bombing, but it scared everyone. The bombers said "Negroes and Jews are hereby declared aliens." The reason that the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation was bombed was because they didn't like Jews and were also targeting the temple's Rabbi. Link to Info
http://jwa.org/media/temple-bombing-atlanta-georgia Link to Picture
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/media_content/m-5930.jpg -
Sibley Commission
In 1960, the Sibley Commision formed to study the problem of school integration. Most of Georgia's schools had refused to integrate. Georgia's General Assembly voted to stop funding integrated schools in 1955. The Sibley Commission interviewed schools to find out their opinions about integration. It was headed by John Sibley. Found out that 2/3 of people would rather close schools than integrate. -
Sibley Commission
The Sibley Commission said to let the schools decide if they wanted to integrate, so people would be mad at the schools not the government. Many private schools opened to help white students to not have to integrate. Link to Info
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2617 Link to picture
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/media_content/m-10074.jpg -
Integration of UGA
People didn't want UGA to integrate. One day Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes came to school lead by police. UGA alumni and Georgia poloticians beg for UGA to close instead of let the two students in. Although during the election he promised to keep schools segregated, he lets Hunter and Holmes in. Both students graduated to be very sucessful later in life. Gavernor Vandiver's response to desegration made our school desegration much calmer than other states. -
Integration of UGA
link to info
http://crdl.usg.edu/events/uga_integration/ Link to Picture
http://roswellguidance.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/uga1.png -
Freedom Rides
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Freedom Rides
Freedom Riding was a new way to help desegregate public transportation. Civil Rights Activists rode busses into the South to test US Supreme Court decisions in the Boynton v. Virginia case. The case declared segregation in interstate bus and rail stations unconstitutional. The Freedom Riders tested the law. When they took trips on the busses thay found out that people were still very abusive to them at these stations and on busses. -
Albany Movement
In 1955 the Supreme Court makes segregation in interstate bus and train stations ilegal. In late 1961, workers in NAACP and SNCC try to test the law by sitting in the white only section of The bus station in Albany Georgia. The workers get arrested; this starts the the Albany Movment, which was lead by Dr. William Anderson. Freedom riders later came in December of 1961 and sat in the whites only section. They got arrested and put into jail. -
Albany Movement
These protests went on for months and hundreds of people were in jail at once. One of the people that got put in jail numerous ammounts of times was Martin Luther King. The protests did not immideatly desegrate bus and train stations, but it did help form a biracial comitte to study the cocerns of African-Americans in Albany. Link to info
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1057 Link to Picture
http://thealbanyjournal.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/03/030911VintageAlbanyFeedo -
Birmingham, Alabama Protests
These were protests that were organized by the SCLC and MLK to bring attention to the poor treatment of African-Americans in Birmingham Alabama. Some of their goals were to desegrate downtown stores, making fair hiring in stores, and desegration of schools. The Protestors were shot at with hoses and even attacked by attack dogs. Link to Info
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_campaign Link to Picture
http://filipspagnoli.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/charlesmoores-birmingham-protests.jpg -
March on Washington DC
The March on Washington was a march of over 250,000 people in Washington DC. Martin Luther King also gave his "I Have a Dream" speech. They were protesting Civil Rights. It was very sucessful. It was one of the most successful protests in the Civil Rights Movement. Link to Info
http://www.core-online.org/History/washington_march.htm Link to picture
http://blog.reidreport.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/mlk-wash.jpg -
16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham Bombed
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16th Street Baptist Church Bombed
This explosion killed four girls and injured twenty other people. It was an important day for the Civil Rights Movement bacause is supported the Civil Rights Act of 1964. There was a man seen, the morning of the bombing, putting a box under the Churches steps. later that morning the bomb exploded killing the girls, who were attending Sunday School. Some Civil Rights Activists blamed the Governor of Alabama for the bombing. The FBI said thet the Ku Klux Klan was responsible for the bombing. -
John F. Kennedy assassinated
JFk was the 35th president of the USA. He was assinated in Dealny Plaza, Dallas, Texas. Lee Oswald was one of the gunmen. Jack Ruby then killed Lee Oswald at a bar. It happened during JFK's motercade through Dallas. He was Shot and killed in the Limo. Governor Connally was also hit by the same bullet, but he survived. Link to Info
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy
Link to Picture
http://themoderatevoice.com/wordpress-engine/files/JFKmotorcade.jpg -
Civil Rights Act of 1964 Passed
In the 1960 presidental election, JFK promised to argue for a New Civil Rights Act. This wasn't brought to Congress untill 1963. While the Bill was still being decided about, JFK was assassinated. The next president, Lyndon B. Johnson, started fighting for the bill against Richard B. Russel. Lyndon B. Johnson signed the bill. There was a vote taken, and it was passed by 73 to 27 votes. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964 Passed
The new Civil Rights Act did many things such as: making racial Discrimination in public against the law and making bosses of companies provide an equal opportunity for people applying for jobs no matter what race. It als gave the federal government the power to take federal funds away from any school thet refused to integrate. Link to info
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAcivil64.htm Link to picture
http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/resources/uploads/civil_rights_act_1964.gif -
Voting Rights Act of 1965 Passed
Again, this act was sgned into law by Lyndon B. Johnson. When the Act passed it outlawed literacy tests and poll taxes. The only thing needed to vote would be your American Citizenship and your name on the Electoral list. The act was very sucessful leaving only four states, out of the thirteeen southern states, with less then 50% of African American Voters. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965 Passed
Link to Info
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/1965_voting_rights_act.htm
Link to Picture
http://core-online.org/historyphotos/voting_p -
Summerhill Race Riot (Atlanta)
This riot happened in Atlanta and lasted for four days. The SNCC and Stokely Carmichael, their leader, were accused of starting the riot after an incident with the police. Their ended up to be one death and twenty-one injuries. Mayor Ivan Allen Jr. went to the riot and helped stop it. Link to info
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill_(Atlanta) Link to Picture
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/images/events_atlanta_pict1.gif -
MLK Assassinated
Martin Luther King was shot on his hotel balcone in Memphis, TN. James Earl Ray was arrested for the murder of MLK. Atlanta's reaction was much greater because Mlk had grown up in Atlanta. Georgia also had a high population of African-Americans. The African-Americans supported MLK because he supported their rights. Link to Info
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.
Link to Picture
http://worldofblackheroes.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/mlk.jpg -
All GA Schools Integrated
Schools started to integrate in 1961 but it took a while. By 1971 all Georgia schools were integrated. Many people tried to stop it but it didn't work. The schools used a system where there was an equal number of black teachers to white teachers. The Georgia school integration was a huge sucess in Civil Rights. Link to info
http://mgagnon.myweb.uga.edu/students/3090/04SP3090-Jordan.htm Link to Picture
http://www.westchester.liunet.edu/cwis/cwp/library/african/2000/1971_00b.jpg
