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- first permanent legal basis for the coexistence of Lutheranism and Catholicism in German, Promulgated by the Diet of HRE at Augsburg
- The Peace allowed the state princess to select either Lutheranism/Catholicism -> entered conflict from the two religious groups
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- Lutheran reign
- Denmark participated in the 30yrs war during his reign
- 'Christian Firtal'
- Popular, ambitions, proactive
- many reforms + sustainability and wealth
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king of France (1610-1643)
cardinal in 1622
1624 Louis made Richelieu his principal minister and cooperated closely to make France or lend European power
Richelieu quickly became a dominant figure in the gov.
Richelieu sought to consolidate royal authority, but also weaken the nobility in France -
- the king of Sweden credited as he founder of Sweden as a Great power
- led Sweden to military supremacy during the 30yrs war, helping determine the political and religious balance of power in EU
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remembered for his patronage of the arts and his rule over Spain during the challenging period of the 30 yrs war
He tried to revive Spain's prominence during the war but failed -
- his acts started the 30 yrs war
- His aim, as a jealous Catholic, was to restore catholicism as the only religion in the Empire and to suppress Protestantism
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- marked one of the openingn phases of the 30yrs war
- Bohemian resistance (Catholic closed Protestant chapels - violated liberty in the letter of Majesty of emperor Rudolph) to Hapsburg authority
- Ferdinand II
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revolt that began in Prague later spread in other Hapsburg dominions (transylvania)
revolt began by the act of Protestant members that hurled 2 royal officers from a window (defenestration)
Bohemian throne - offered to Frederick V until Nov 1632 when the Battle of white mountain occurred and he was defeated - after that repression -
- Duke of Bavaria
- Elector Palatine
- Elector of Bavaria
- Wittelsbach Ruler of Bavaria
- Elector of the HRE
- Big defender of Catholic League
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- near Prague - end of Bohemian period
- Denmark and Sweden join the war
- Conversion of Catholicism
- restoration of Hapsburg control over the Bohemian states
- win for Catholicism and the HRE
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after Bohemian
Protestant countries were beginning to realize the danger that they faced. -
- ended the Danish intervention in the 30yrs war
- it was signed by Albrecht won Wallenstein (Bohemian military leader) and Christian IV of Denmark
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King Gustavus Adolphus, known as the Lion to the North has entered the war
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- one of the most important battles of the 30 yrs war
- Swedes help North German allies against HRE
- Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus II died - changed course of the battle - north German retreat
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-peace treaty signed the Hapsburg Emperor Ferdinand II and Elector John George I of Saxony
-brought an end to the civil war aspect of 30 yrs war -
- May-Oct
- series of peace treaties signed in the Westphalian cities
- effectively ending EU wars of religion
- the treaties ended the 30 yrs war in the HRE and the 80 yrs war
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- to end the 1635-59 war between France and Spain
- a war that was initially a part of the wider 30 yrs war
- signed on Pheasant island
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most of EU were directly or indirectly under French rule or within the French sphere of influence