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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
German writer and statesman; his writings were incredibly influential on Romantic composers -
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Luigi Cherubini
Italian composer popular for his operas and sacred music -
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Napoleon Bonaparte
French political and military leader during the French Revolution -
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Ludwig van Beethoven
transitional figure from the Classic to Romantic style; was essentially the gold standard for a Romantic composer's sound -
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Klemenz Wenzel von Metternich
Chancellor of Austria; hosted the Congress of Vienna and was important in shaping social activities; his social activities inspired the genres of the character piece and the Lied (song) -
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E. T. A. Hoffmann
German Romantic fantasy and horror author; wrote about Beethoven in Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung in 1831 -
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Carl Maria von Weber
German romantic composer -
Period: to
The French Revolution
A period of radical political and societal change in France; the "common" people saw themselves as empowered to break free from oppression from nobility and the upper classes in general -
Lodoiska
French opera composed by Cherubini; plot is about defeating oppression and is dramatized as a heroic rescue from imprisonment -
Period: to
Giacomo Meyerbeer
Jewish German composer who studied in Italy and composed French opera in Paris; most know for his grand operas -
Period: to
Giocchino Rossini
Italian composer; known as the most important opera composer in the early 19th century -
Paris Conservatoire
Paris Conservatoire is founded; replaced training in churches and courts -
Period: to
Franz Schubert
early romantic Austrian composer -
Period: to
Gaetano Donizetti
Italian opera composer -
Period: to
Vincenzo Bellini
Italian opera composer -
Period: to
Hector Berlioz
French romantic composer; known as a very important innovator of new orchestration techniques and genres -
Fidelio
the only opera Beethoven composed; in the rescue opera genre that was inspired by the French Revolution -
Period: to
Fanny Mendelssohn
German composer and pianist; sister of Felix Mendelssohn -
Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Opus 67
composed by Beethoven; it was especially popular for its heroic elements and catchy thematic material -
Period: to
Felix Mendelssohn
German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period -
tin can
invented by Peter Durand -
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Robert Schumann
romantic era German composer; also well-known as a music critic -
Period: to
Frederic Chopin
romantic era composer and pianist known for his delicate style -
Period: to
Franz Liszt
piano virtuoso, writer, conductor, composer, innovator, supported Wagner -
Philharmonic Society
Johann Salamon, a patron of Haydn, along with others founded the Philharmonic Society in London -
Period: to
Richard Wagner
German composer that changed opera, harmony, and music and general -
Period: to
Giuseppe Verdi
the most important Italian composer in the mid-late 19th century; primarily composed operas and hailed as a hero of Italy -
Period: to
The Congress of Vienna
reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars -
Erlkonig
composed by Schubert and inspired by a poem by Goethe that was based on the legend that whoever is touched by the king of the elves must die -
Ophicleide
keyed brass instrument similar in range to trombone; patented by Jean Hilaire in 1821 -
Der Freischutz (The Magic Bullet)
composed by Weber; the first German romantic opera -
The Carlsbad Decrees of 1819
placed severe limits on freedom of expression by individuals and institutions such as Universities and presses; tried to place limits on artists -
Period: to
Clara Schumann
virtuoso pianist and composer; wife of Robert Schumann -
Period: to
Jacques Offenbach
French composer know for his operettes -
Cherubini becomes Paris Conservatory director
Cherubini, one of the founding faculty, eventually became the director of the Paris Conservatory in 1822 -
Royal Academy of Music
London founded their own music school, the Royal Academy of Music -
toy balloon
invented by Professor Michael Faraday -
Period: to
Bedrich Smetana
bohemian; best known for his programmatic cycle of 6 nationalistic symphonic poems called Ma vlast (My Country) -
Period: to
Stephen Foster
American song composer; the first American to make a living as a professional songwriter -
braille printing
invented by Frenchmen, Louis Braille -
Period: to
Lieder ohne Worte
translates to Songs Without Words; a set of short, lyrical character pieces composed by Felix Mendelssohn; 8 volumes of 6 songs each -
Period: to
Louis Moreau Gottschalk
American nationalist composer born in New Orleans; studied at the Paris Conservatory -
Symphonie fantastique
program symphony composed by Berlioz; written about a woman he was infatuated with -
Mazurka in B-flat minor, Opus 24, No. 4
composed by Chopin; a character piece subgenre of a Polish folk dance in triple meter often with a heavy accent on the second or third beat -
Period: to
Johannes Brahms
German romantic composer that maintained form of the Classical era -
telegraph
invented by Samuel Morse -
Notturno in G Minor
character piece of the subgenre Nocturne composed by Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel -
Period: to
Georges Bizet
composer that blended styles into opera comique -
Period: to
Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Russian composer famous for his ballets -
Symphony no. 4 in D Minor, Op. 120
composed by Robert Schumann; revised in 1851 -
stapler
patented by Samuel Slocum -
Period: to
Antonin Dvorak
Czechoslovakian natioanlist composer -
New York Philharmonic
the New York Philharmonic was founded and still remains a powerhouse in classical music -
Period: to
Edvard Grieg
Norway nationalist composer; Peer Gynt, incidental music -
dental anesthesia
first used by Dr. William Morton -
Le banjo: Fantasie grotesque
character piece composed by Gottschalk; features ideas from Stephen Foster's Camptown Races and other American spirituals -
Die Walkure (The Valkyrie)
music drama by Wagner; the second opera in his 4-opera cycle; detested the Italian start-stop style of opera because he preferred to have the continuous drama/musical style -
Period: to
Gustav Mahler
late romantic composer most known as a conductor and secondly as a composer -
Period: to
Igancy Jan Paderewski
polish pianist and composer; prime minister and foreign minister of Poland in 1919 -
The Kingdom of Italy
Italy became a country -
bicycle
invented by Pierre Michaux -
Period: to
Jean Sibelius
Finland nationalist composer -
Aida
opera composed by Verdi; set in ancient Egypt and has four acts -
barbed wire
invented by Joseph Glidden -
Ma vlast (My Country) no. 2: Vlatava (The Moldau)
tone poem composed by Smetana that evokes the sounds of the Moldau River -
Messa da Requiem
Catholic funeral mass composed by Verdi; "Libera me: Dies irae" -
Carmen
opera composed by Bizet that combined styles of opera comique -
telephone
patented by Alexander Graham Bell -
Symphony No. 3 in F Major, Op. 90
traditional 4 movement symphony composed by Brahms -
mechanical cash register
invented by James Ritty -
Coca Cola
invented by John Pemberton -
Otello
opera composed by Verdi; perfect example of Italian tragic opera -
escalator
invented by Jesse W. Reno -
Symphony No. 9 in E minor, From the New World
composed by Dvorak to express landscape of the new place he was visiting, America -
roller coaster
patented by Edwin Prescott -
Finlandia
tone poem cycle composed by Sibelius about his home country of Finland