-
Reorganized Europe after Napoleon's defeat; restored monarchies and conservative order. -
Restored to the French throne after Napoleon’s fall. -
Napoleon Bonaparte is defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, ending the Napoleonic Wars. -
Period of constitutional rule in Spain after Riego's military uprising. -
Revolt against the Ottoman Empire; supported by major European powers. -
Conservative monarch, overthrown during the July Revolution. -
Revolution against Dutch rule; Belgium became an independent kingdom. -
"Citizen King" of France; ousted by the 1848 Revolution. -
Economic union of German states, key step toward unification. -
Series of liberal and nationalist uprisings across Europe. -
Established after the fall of Louis Philippe’s monarchy. -
Authoritarian regime under Napoleon III; modernized France. -
Franco-Piedmontese victory over Austria; key for Italian unification.
-
Southern Italy was unified under Garibaldi’s campaign. -
Proclaimed first king of unified Italy. -
Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark; gained control of Schleswig and Holstein. -
Prussia defeated Austria; excluded Austria from German affairs. -
Prussia defeated France; collapse of the Second French Empire. -
German Empire was founded in Versailles, uniting Germany under Prussia.