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In 1776, the average lifetime school attendance was less than 82 days.
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Jefferson introduced the idea that every person should be guaranteed 3 years of public education, with a select few moving on to an university education.
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This book became known as America's textbook. It was also a precursor to Webster's English Dictionary.
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Mann rode horseback from town to town and physically inspected the school buildings. He found varied school systems (no continuity) and structures that were not sound.
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This fact is a precursor to the debates and issues that arise when people argue for different systems all to be supported by public funds.
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The NYC Board of Education is a group chosen through election.
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The petition called for an immediate end to segregation in the school system.
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Robert's sued the city of Boston on behalf of his daughter, Sara. She was denied access to 5 white schools because of her race.
Some African Americans supported Robert's case while others were pro-segregation.
Chief Judge Shaw ruled against Robert's. -
Hughes' power leads him to create a national system of Catholic schools.
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This was in Massachusetts. It was the first law in the nation.
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After the Civil War and the USA expanded west, it became a requirement of states to offer public education.
Also, African American literacy jumped from about 5% to nearly 70%. -
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Segregation was permitted on the basis that "separate could still be equal".
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Dewey attacked the current curriculum.
He is considered the father of progressive education. -
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America presented it's education system at the World's Fair. The focus was on their progressive techniques (which relies on "doing" rather than just sitting in class/reciting lessons).
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This mill brought many immigrants to Gary, IN looking for work. The massive increase in population pushed Gary for more schools and more advancement in their progressive techniques.
Their system became known as the "Gary plan". -
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This act led to violent controversy all over the city.
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Democratic representative John Hylan attacked the Gary plan as a plot to turn out cheap labor for big corporations.
The public became feared that the plan was limiting the immigrant children's career possibilities.
Riots break out over the Gary plan (police are attacked, school buildings are damaged, etc.).
Hylan won and got rid of the Gary plan for N.Y.C. -
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The end of the war led to the destruction of many books on the German language/culture.
At least 35 states required that schools teach English only. -
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Average School Attendance is 9 years
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*African-Americans are segregated by law in 17 states.
*Mexican-American students are in school an average of 5.4 years.
*72% of disabled children are not enrolled in school. -
He did not agree with progressive education and he wanted the schools to return to basic subjects.
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The Supreme Court reaches a unanimous decision on the Brown v. Board of Education case - they decide against segregation.
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*After the Brown v. BOE case, schools become integrated. *However, students are still not accepted in the previous white schools and some black students did not want to change school because of this fact.
*Also, more than 30,000 black teachers are displaced because the newly integrated schools will not hire them. -
*The Arkansas governor called the national guard to keep out 9 black students from school.
*President Eisenhower sent in federal troops to escort those 9 students to school. -
They beat the U.S. to space which was a staggering moment for Americans. They could not understand how the Russians beat the U.S.
This lead to the Eisenhower education act.
This also led an academic push towards math, science, and engineering in the schools. -
This act allowed gave money to schools yearly- about $100 million/year which was the largest of the time.
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The Civil Rights Act was passed which stated that schools could lose federal funding if they were not integrated.
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85% of 16 year olds plan to attend college
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In Texas, 75% of Mexican-American students drop out by 8th grade.
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87% at Crystal City are Mexican-American
The students draw up a list of "demands" on how they should be treated by other students and instructors.
When the school board refused, over 500 students went on "strike" and protested the school.
They also contacted the civil rights group with the U.S. Dept of Justice. -
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91% of black children attend integrated schools
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East Harlem creates small, alternative schools in existing buildings. They went from 20 schools to 52 schools.
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Published new teaching materials in almost 70 languages.
They gave $68 million for bilingual programs. -
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Average School Attendance is 12.5 years
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This wasn't really the truth- schools were being blamed for the bad economy.
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Supreme Court says no- it would violate the separation of church and state.
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There are at least 2100 charter schools in the U.S. and more than 90,000 public schools.
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