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On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional and violated the
equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. -
Reverend Dr. Martin Luther king Jr. lead a Bus Boycott in Montgomery, Alabama believing that he could eventually grab the attention of city leaders to make an attempt to end segregation. Despite all the pressures of segregation, Blacks were willing to simply protest in peace alongside Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. who told them that the only way to end segregation morally would be through non-violent and passive resistance. -
The Governor ordered troops from the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine students from entering the school. an Angry white mob tried to violently prevent the 9 students from entering the school. After a meeting with Eisenhower, the district court ordered the governor to remove the troops. A few hours later the students managed to get into the school but only after Eisenhower sent the troops and National Guard to stop the violent protests. -
Joseph McNeil, Ezell Blair, Jr., David Richmond, and Franklin McCain were Four Young African Americans who were enrolled at
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College, an African
American college in Greensboro in 1960 when they had decided that they were going to start a "sit-in movement" at the lunch counter until they were given equal service to what whites were given. -
In 1961,CORE Leader James Farmer asked teams of African
American and white volunteers, many of whom were college students, to travel into the South to draw attention to its refusal to integrate bus terminals. When the buses arrived in Anniston, Birmingham, and Montgomery, Alabama, angry white mobs attacked them and even managed to cause a fire on one of the buses, fortunately no one got hurt or died. -
James Meredith was an African American Air Force Veteran who applied for the transfer to the university of Mississippi but wasn’t allowed by the university who were even told to comply with the supreme court ruling ending segregated education. JFK was frustrated that even the governor of Mississippi attempted to block Meredith who had a court order to register to the University, President Kennedy dispatched 500 federal marshals to escort Meredith to the campus. -
A. Philip Randolph suggested to Dr.King a march on Washington, to lobby Congress and to build more public support on the civil rights movement. Many people of many races stood in Washington alongside King on a date that became known in history for when Dr.King gave his famous and Powerful "I have a dream" speech which outlined his dream of freedom and equality for all Americans. Not long after, The Civil Rights Bill would be passed. -
. The Voting Rights Act of 1964 act had focused on segregation and job discrimination, but did little to address voting issues. To address the issue, King started the Selma March however dozens of white citizens caused much violence and by the end of the protest, over 2,000 African Americans were arrested including school children. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 authorized federal examiners to register qualified voters to bypass local officials who refused to register African Americans. -
Malcom X was an activist and former black Muslim who once believed that it was unlikely that segregation would end and that Blacks would have to be self-sufficient and learn self-defense in order to have the strength to from their own independent nation away from whites. What mostly led to his assassination was when he had broken up with the Black Muslims after going to Mecca and seeing many races worshipping together, making him believe that an integrated society was possible after all. -
Most African Americans faced the same prejudice that had plagued them in the South; few Blacks had similar or higher job roles & income compared to whites and close to half of them lived in poverty. With all of these issues, organizations like the Black Panthers had formed up with the belief that a revolution would be coming to the US and they would be prepared to make whites grant them equal rights. They trained themselves in self-defense & self-sufficiency to prepare for this possibility.
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