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Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. the Court stripped away constitutional sanctions for segregation by race, and made equal opportunity in education the law of the land. Students of color in America would no longer be forced by law to attend traditionally under-resourced Black-only schools. (https://youtu.be/1siiQelPHbQ)
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The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a civil rights protest during which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating. It was one of the major events in the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. It signaled that a peaceful protest could result in the changing of laws to protect the equal rights of all people regardless of race. Before 1955, segregation between the races was common in the south. (https://youtu.be/kGisA_Q0w1c)
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The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students. The students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas. It became an integral part of the fight for equal opportunity in American education when they dared to challenge public school segregation by enrolling at the all-white Central High School in 1957. Their appearance and award are part of the Centennial Celebration of Women at Marquette.
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Malcolm X was an African American leader in the civil rights movement, minister and supporter of Black nationalism. He urged his fellow Black Americans to protect themselves against white aggression “by any means necessary,” a stance that often put him at odds with the nonviolent teachings of Martin Luther King, Jr. Malcolm wanted to fight for the rights of black people because of the racist abuse he and his family had suffered.
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The Greensboro sit-in was a civil rights protest in which young African American students staged a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro and refused to leave after being denied service. It produced a new sense of pride and power for African Americans. By rising up on their own and achieving substantial success protesting against segregation in the society in which they lived, they realized that they could change their communities with local coordinated action.
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The Freedom Rides brought together civil rights activists who rode interstate buses from DC into the segregated South to challenge the non-enforcement of the U.S. Supreme Court decisions that ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional. James Farmer was the architect of the original CORE Freedom Ride. James Meredith, an African-American man, tried to enroll at Ole Miss. He was rejected, riots broke out, and US marshals went with him to his classes. (https://youtu.be/1zBY6gkpbTg)
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Meredith attempted to integrate Ole Miss by applying to it. When he informed the university that he was an African American, his admission was delayed and obstructed first by school officials and then by Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett. He was the first African-American student admitted to the racially segregated University of Mississippi. He is also is an American civil rights movement figure, writer, political adviser, and Air Force veteran. (https://youtu.be/XvEN8sQ4Bmw)
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The March on Washington was an interracial march by 250,000 blacks and whites in Washington D.C., protesting segregation and job discrimination against blacks in the nation. Marchers were protesting against segregation in public accommodations and widespread job discrimination against blacks. the event aimed to draw attention to continuing challenges and inequalities faced by African Americans a century after emancipation.
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states across the South implemented new laws to restrict the voting rights of African Americans. These included onerous requirements of owning property, paying poll taxes, and passing literacy or civics exams. Many African Americans who attempted to vote were also threatened physically or feared losing their jobs. One of the major goals of the Civil Rights Movement was to register voters across the South in order for African Americans to gain political power.
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the Black Panthers was a group formed by two black students; Bobby Seale and Huey Newton. It was formed for self-defense. They were young and angry and identified with the teachings of Malcolm X. It was a revolutionary organization with an ideology of Black nationalism, socialism, and armed self-defense, particularly against police brutality. The South became more strongly Democratic as a result of the law, for southerners tended to vote for the same party regardless of race.
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