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Brown v Board of Education was filed to allow the desegregation of public schools. Many of these cases were backed by the NAACP (National Association for Advancement of Colored People). The most prominent case was for Linda Brown. She was a student who was denied entry to Topeka Elementary School. Thurgood Marshall was the Chief Attorney for the Browns. The outcome stated segregation in public schools is unconstitutional via the 14th amendment.
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The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a protest against segregation in public buses. It was led by Martin Luther King Jr due to Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat for a white passenger. The protest was continued until November of 1956 when the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on public buses was unconstitutional.
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The Little Rock Nine were a group of nine African American students who were enrolled in an all white high school. In order to stop the students from entering the Governor called in the national guard. This occured after the Brown v BOE case so this behavior was unacceptable. President Eisenhower order the removal of the National Guard which did happen but, angry mobs beat at least 2 students. Eventually, Presdent Eisenhower sent in the National Guard which stayed until they graduated.
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The Sit in Movement was a non violent event in North Carolina in which African American students participated in to be served at the same lunch counter as the white students. Eventually the Sit In Movement spread to many schools and colleges throughout the south. This made many African Americans realize that they can change their life by local non violent movements.
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After many Supreme Court rulings that outlawed segregation in public schools, buses, and counters many people in the south didn't enforce those laws. The Freedom Riders would travel to the south to challenge those who refused to follow federal laws. Due to the Freedom Riders many more people in the south were forced to follow federal laws even if they didn't want to.
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James Meredith was an African American Air Force veteran who applied for a transfer to the University of Misssissippi. Even when he showed the court order the Governor refused to let him in. As the Governor failed to comply with federal law, President Kenneddy sent in 500 federal marshals to escort James Meredith. -
The March on Washington was a large protest taking place in Washington DC to protest racial discrimination and to show support for the major civil rights legislation that was pending in congress. The important part was the size of the protest. About 250,000 people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to highlight the inequalities faced by African Americans. -
Malcolm X was a major civil rights advocate who believed that an integrated society is possible. He started out in the Nation of Islam. Despite the name the Nation of Islam doesn't follow Islam but rather black nationalism. The Nation of Islam condemned whites for the historical oppression of African Americans. Eventually, Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam as he thought they went too far with their rigid teachings.
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Throughout the 1960's voting for African Americans was very hard. Everyone had to pay poll taxes but since African Americans were living in poverty paying was not possible usually. Another issue was local officials refusing to register black people. So the issue was restricting the right to vote. The Voting Rights Act of 1964 solved these issues by removing poll taxes and literacy tests. It also replaced the local official with a federal official to register voters. It was effective on 8/6/1965
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The problem in many urban black communities was poverty and little change in their lives. Many people living in urban area knew about the extraordinary changes the Civil Rights Act brought but haven't felt those changes. This led to the creation of the Black Panthers. The Black Panthers were people who were armed and fought for black nationalism and equality under the law.
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