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This event took place in Topeka, Kansas. A young African American girl was denied admission to her neighborhood school in Topeka, Kansas, because of her race. She had to travel across town just to attend an all-black school. They solved this issue with the help of the NAACP, her parents then sued the Topeka school board. -
The boycott was run by Martin Luther King Jr. The Supreme Court affirmed the decision of a special three-judge panel declaring Alabama’s laws requiring segregation on buses unconstitutional. Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her seat on the bus to a white man showed that even small acts of defiance could empower people to create change. -
In September 157, the school board in Little Rock, Arkansas, won a court order requiring that nine African American students be admitted to Central High, a school with 2,000 white students. The governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus, was known as a moderate on racial issues, but he was determined to win reelection and began to campaign as a defender of white supremacy. He ordered troops from the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine students from entering the school. -
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee led the sit-in movement. This included Joseph McNeil, Ezell Blari Jr, David Richmond, and Franklin McCain. They were trying to do a sit-in at the whites-only lunch counter until they have gotten the same services as the whites. Later, more and more people supported this act and decided to join with the four original members of the committee. -
They helped expose Southern resistance to desegregation rulings. Many African American and white volunteers were asked to travel into the South to draw attention to refusal to integrate bus terminals. They were beaten up by a gang of young men who were armed with baseball bats, chains, and lead pipes. -
James Meredith was a Aftrican Americans air force veteran. He was a American civil rights activist who gained national renown at a key juncture in the civil rights movement. President Kennedy dispatched 500 federal marshals to escort Meredith to the campus. -
Dr. King realized that Kennedy would have a very difficult time pushing his civil rights bill through Congress. Therefore, he searched for a way to lobby Congress and to build more public support. As an alternative, Dr. King had received an idea from A. Philip Randolph to march on Washington. The March on Washington helped create a new national understanding of the problems of racial and economic injustice. (Dr. King’s “I have a dream” speech) -
Malcolm X lost his patience with the slow progress of civil rights and felt that African Americasn needed to act more militantly and demand equality, not wait for it to be given. After Malcolm X broke with the Nation of Islam, he continued to criticize the organization. Because of this, organization members shot and killed him in february 1965. -
The act focused on segregation and job discrimination, and it did little address voting issues. The purpose of the Selma March was to protest against voting rights. After doing so many demonstrators were beaten by police forces because they were ignoring their commands. They made a bill which authorized the US attorney general to send federal examiners to register qualified voters. -
African Americans lived in poor neighborhoods in the nation's major cities were overcrowded and dirty, leading to higher rates of illness and infant mortality. Many of them were trapped in poverty and they found themselves channeled into low-paying jobs with little chance of advancements. Black Power influenced everything which inspired many groups.
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