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A young African American girl was denied admission to her neighborhood school in Topeka, Kansas, because of her race. She had to travel across town just to attend an all black school. -With the help of the NAACP, her parents then sued the Topeka school board. -
-Leader of the boycott: Martin Luther King Jr.
The boycott's accomplishment:
- The Supreme Court affirmed the decision of a special three-judge panel declaring Alabama’s laws requiring segregation on buses unconstitutional.
- The boycott's prove:
Rosa Park’s refusal to give up her seat on the bus to a white man showed that even small acts of defiance could empower people to create change. -
-In September 1957, the school board in little Rock, Arkansas, won a court order requiring that nine African American students be admitted to Central High, a school with 2,000 white students.
- The governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus, was known as a moderate on a racial issues, but he was determined to win reelection and began to campaign as a defender of white supremacy. He ordered troops from the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine students from entering the school. -
-Malcom X's view: He had lost patience with the slow progress of civil rights and felt that African Americans needed to act more militantly and demand equality, not wait for it to be given.
-After Malcolm X broke with the Nation of Islam, he continued to criticize the organization. Because of this, organization members shot and killed him in February 1965. -
-Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
-Joseph Mc Nell, Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, an Franklin McCain
-They were trying to do a sit-in the whites-only lunch counter until they have gotten the same services as the whites. Later, more and more people supported this act and decided to join with the four original members of the committee. -
-Many African American and white volunteers were asked to travel into the South to draw attention to refusal to integrate bus terminals.
-They were beaten up by a gang of young men who were arms with baseball bats, chains, and lead pipes -
- James Meredith :African American air force veteran.
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-Dr. King realized that Kennedy would have a very difficult time pushing his civil rights bill through congress. Therefore he searched for a way to lobby congress and to build more public support. As an alternative, Dr. King had received an idea from A. Philip Randolph to march on
-Famous for today: Dr. King’s “I have a dream” speech.
-Civil Rights Act of 1964 -
-Even after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed voting rights were far from secure. The act had focused on segregation and job discrimination, and it did little to address voting issues.- The bill authorized the U.S attorney general to send federal examiners to register qualified voters , by passing local officials who often refused to register African American.
-Protect. -
-African Americans lived in poor neighborhoods in the nation’s major cities were overcrowded and dirty, leading to higher rates of illness and infant mortality. Many of them were trapped in poverty and they found themselves channeled into low-paying jobs with little chances of advancements.
-Black Power political organization founded by college students. -They urged African Americans to arm themselves and prepare to force whites to grant them equal rights
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