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Accused America of using its atomic advantage for imperialism. Claimed atomic bomb caused the firm position of the cold war.
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A conference was held in Iran to improve allies' relations. A success for Stalin, he sided with Roosevelt (who was ill). Churchill felt left out - e.g. he had the idea of invading through the Balkans (to prevent the Red Army from taking Eastern Europe) but this was rejected.
Agreements: Britian&USA agreed to invade France in May 1944 (2ndfront)
USSR waged war against Japan after the German defeat
UN would be set up post-war
Also-There were US and British tensions because of British Imperialism. -
In this speech Truman contrasted the USSR which he described as as place that "relies on terror and oppression" and the USA which he described as having "freedom from political oppression".
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Late 1944
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78,000 killed
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The Allies considered what to do with Germany and Europe when they won. This was the last of the Big3 meetings(in the next 3 months Roosevelt died and Churchill lost the election).
Decisions made-
*Germany+Berlin would be divided into 4 zones
*They were going to hunt down Nazi war criminals
*Liberated countries would have free elections
*They would join the UN to maintain peace
*Eastern Europe would be in the Soviet 'sphere of influence'.
Disagreed over German reparations&boarder w/P -
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Jan45- Communists took part in demos against the government
Mar45-Soviets disarmed the army and forced the king to appoint a communist gov.
Nov46-80% communist votes
1947- communist gov abolished the monarchy -
Soviet troops hadn't removed their military presence in liberated countries. Stalin set up communism in Poland- despite the wishes of Poles/ Yalta agreement. The West continued to demilitarise post-war, unlike Poles. USA tested atomic bomb 16/7/45 and Stalin was annoyed he wasn't told earlier. Churchill replaced by Atlee during. Agreements-
*German Zones German demilitarisation
*German democracy
*German operations in equipment and materials
*The USSR 1/4 of Western industrial goods -
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Rejected bc its not unconditional.
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74,000 killed
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Churchill made a speech which described an iron curtain which was an imaginary line which divided East and West Germany. Churchill suggested an alliance between the USA and Great Britain would prevent further Soviet expansion. The speech further worsened relations between the tow sides as it was seen as deliberately provocative.
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A policy of financial aid to contain communism. Basically bribed countries to not be communist. Keyword- 'Domino theory' if one country falls to communism then its neighbours will too.
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George Kennan (USA) sent a telegram to Turman warning him about the Soviet expansion- "Long Telegram". Influenced containment. The USSR retaliated with the "Novikov Telegram" Sent to Stalin by Nikolai Novikov. This accused the USA of World domination.
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The USA offered money/equipment and goods to states who agreed to buy US goods and allow the US to invest in their industry. George Marshall invited these countries to discuss how they would use this aid. By 1953 the US had donated $17 bill. As a result, Stalin accused the USA of using the plan for its own interests and dominate Europe to boost its economy.
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Response to Truman Doctrine.The Communist Information Bureau was set up in 1947 to enable the USSR to coordinate communist parties throughout Europe. Make sure that all states in Eastern Europe followed Soviet foreign and economic policy- e.g. collectivization of agriculture. Soviets used the organisation to purge those who disagreed with Moscow..
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PM Tito didn't want to take orders from Stalin so was expelled. As a result, other countries applied economic sanctions. Tito challenged Stalin further by accepting Western aid.
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Britian+France+USA zones of Germany
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Britian+France+USA united German zones
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The Council for Mutual Assistance, response to Marshall Plan. Financial support for Eastern European countries. Used to control the economies of the states, give the Soviets access to their resources and encourage specialisation.
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This would deliver an explosion 3-5x heavier than previous bombs.
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Supported by Stalin. Established a pro-soviet communist government.
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Military Alliance of 8 nations to counter the threat of NATO. Intensified the arms race.
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Said he was going to give people in Soviet countries more power and freedom. Denounced Stalin's policies - "destalinisation" Sacked Rakoski in Hungary.
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People were upset over a bad harvest and food shortages.
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All of Berlin belonged to East Germany and occupying troops must leave within 6 months.
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Failed to meet an agreement about Berlin Problem.
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Disarmament was discussed and they agreed on a further meeting about Berlin. https://resources.finalsite.net/images/v1553547663/sydenhamlewishamschuk/mcnjcleabl4pei6jjqm5/CW-KT2.pdf
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The pilot captured a put on trial
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Cuban exiles back by the USA and Batista were landed in Cuba to overthrow Fidel Castro.
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Kruschev demanded that Western Forces leave Berlin but Kennedy refused.
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On 16/10/62 a US U2 spy plane discovered ICBMs in Cuba which had been sent by the USSR despite the fact that Kruschev had promised not to send them. Kennedy commissioned a council to deal with the crisis. -
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US naval boats surrounded Cuba to buy time to negotiate a missile withdrawal.
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In the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis a hotline was set up to prevent further miscommunication.
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Unpopular Novotny (1953-1958) was replaced by more liberal and popular Dubeck (1968-69).
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The Soviet Union had the right to invade any country in the whole of the Easter Block and declared all member parties of the doctrine had to remain a part of the Warsaw Pact. Redefined communism as a one-party system and sent a message to members of the Warsaw Pact that the USSR would suppress any attempt to relax communist control.
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Period of reduced censorship, free speech and limited actions of free speech. In summary a series of liberal reforms.
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Soviet tanks arrived in Czech... Brezhnev justified his actions in the Brezhnev doctrine (he can invade any Eastern European country).
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Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty. USA and USSR agreed to limit the number of nuclear weapons on each side.
Strengths- Showed both sides were willing to discuss
Weaknesses- Both sides still has enough nuclear weapons and the treaty didn't cover all types of weapons. -
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Isreali-Arab war. Syria and Egypt made a surprise attack on Isreal. After the attack, Nixon sent equipment to Isreal. Brezhnev wanted the US+USSR to help Egypt together but Nixon rejected the plan. Then Nixon put all US forces on alert. Nixon suggested that the** UN would help intervene **and Brezhnev agreed.
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Countries from NATO and the Warsaw Pact met and agreed:
-Boarders are permanent and can't be changed by force
They would try to improve relations through trade agreements and a joint space mission
-To respect human rights (freedom of speech, religion...)
Strengths- Both sides pleased with the agreements
Weaknesses- No way USSR would follow human rights. -
2 US and 2 soviet astronauts shook hands in space. Showed the desire of both sides to peacefully coexist.
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The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan overthrew the Afghan government. Taraki became PM. In the first 18 months, the governments imposed communist-style reforms.
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Replaced by Babrak Kamal
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More than 50k Soviet troops were sent to Afghanistan to 'protect' the People's Democratic Republic of Afghanistan from the mujahadeen
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The Carter Doctrine stated that the USA was prepared to use force to stop any country from gaining control over the oil-rich states of the Middle East.
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Amin (Afgahn politicain) has Taraki assasignate.
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Openness with communist policy- allowed countries to have opposition parties, permitted criticism of government officials and allowed the media freer dissemination of news and information.
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Gorbacheva and Regan met for the 1st time and established a good relationship.
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Restructuring communist policy
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Gorbachev proposed weapons if the USA gave up their SDI program. No formal agreements but improved relations.
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Intermediate Range Nuclear Force Treaty (INF)- Both countries would abolish missiles within 500-5,000km
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INF treaty details resolved, reduced warsaw pact and Soviets would cease-fire in Afghanistan.
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Gorbachev met with George Bush. No agreements were made but the meeting was seen as the end of the cold war.
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