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Before history, characterized as natural education. Spontaneous.
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With the rise of trade, government and formal religion came the invention of writing. Schools appeared and the teachers were scribes or priests. The method of learning was memorization and the motivation was fear. No matter the class, all boys from 6-13 years old attended to learn math, reading, and writing. They studied the first 5 books of the Old Testament. Only brighter boys continued their studies after 13 years old.
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Developed civilizations. Autocratic, erudite, and religious character. Egypt, India, China, and the Hebrew town.
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Western civilizations. Human and civic character. Greece and Rome.
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To prepare the child for citizen activities. Sparta produced soldiers, at 20 they joined the state militia until 60 years old. Athens produced citizens trained in the arts of peace and war, literature was the heart of their schooling. At the age of 13/14, poor boys follow education by apprenticeship and wealthier boys continued with a philosopher-teacher.
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Rome conquered Greece but Greece culturally influenced Rome, such as the introduction of book learning. Boys and sometimes girls of all classes could be sent to elementary school until 13 years old when boys of upper classes attended a grammar school. A good citizen was an effective speaker and studies literature and oratory. Vigorous discipline was necessary. Romans left the legacy of their language.
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Mankind in Europe reverted almost to the level of primitive education. Medieval church preserved learning. Students were trained to be clerks and were taught to read and write Latin to preserve the writings. Physical activity was repressed, schools were ungraded and childhood did not exist. Traditional subjects were clouded with religious assumptions. knowledge was authoritative. Convents educated women.
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Characterized by Christianity.
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To develop intellectual, spiritual, physical powers for the enrichment of life. Humanists promoted "liberal education". Education was to be exciting pleasant and fun. The basis of the curriculum were Greek and Roman literature. lower classes remained ignorant.
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The protestants need to defend their new religion. Need for universal education. Established vernacular schools in Germany for poor children.
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Stagnation of schools. teachers incompetent, discipline cruel, memorization, no schooling for lower classes. The study of Latin was removed.
17th century: Comenius and Lock
18th century: Rousseau. -
Based on nature, art, and science.
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Established schools reflected a concept left behind in Europe. Harvard College, training of Latin school graduates for the ministry. Humanists. The first basic textbook " The New England Primer" used to teach religion and reading.
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Protestant confessions and reform of the catholic church.
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Education in the colonies satisfied practical needs of seamen, merchant, artisans... Academy Benjamin Franklyn, with humanist and religious curriculum, brought education closer to the needs of everyday life. Noah Webster's American Spelling Book.
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Power of education to shape future nations. France and Germany established schools for women. Schools were like in previous centuries. Pestalozzi, nature development of the child. Froebel, father of kindergarten. Herbart, create individuals part of the sociopolitical community. Montessori, freedom and individual development.
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Establishment of first public normal school. The purpose of American highschool was to extend and enrich common school education. They provided one system open for everyone. "Female Academies". Science over classics, curriculum with scientific instruction.
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Methods of modern education based on new philosophies and science.
