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Brown v. Board of Education
The United States Supreme Court ruled that separating children in public schools based on race was unconstitutional.
https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/brown-v-board-of-education -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA)
This act was passed to address the inequality in educational opportunity for disadvantaged students.
https://www.wrightslaw.com/law/art/history.spec.ed.law.htm -
Amendment: Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA
1966 Congress amended the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA) to include programs to educate handicapped children.
https://www.wrightslaw.com/law/art/history.spec.ed.law.htm -
Replacing an Act
1970 The program that was established by the amendment to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 was replaced with the Education of the Handicapped Act. This act provided programs designed to educate individuals with disabilities.
https://www.wrightslaw.com/law/art/history.spec.ed.law.htm -
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
This was the first right-to-education lawsuit that secured quality education for all children. The state agreed to provide free public education to all children with mental retardation.
https://pubintlaw.org/cases-and-projects/pennsylvania-association-for-retarded-citizens-parc-v-commonwealth-of-pennsylvania/ -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
Education of the Handicapped Act was renamed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
Enacted by the United States Congress in 1975 requiring all public schools that received public funds to provide equal access to education for children with physical and mental disabilities.
https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/94/s6/summary -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
In 1990 the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 was renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).
The IDEA emphasis individual education plans for students
https://www.alleducationschools.com/blog/history-of-special-education/ -
T.R. v. Kingwood Township
The court ruled on clarifying the meaning of Least Restrictive Environment (LRE). The LRE is the environment that educates the disabled child with non disabled children. The same school the child would have attended if the child was not disabled.
https://specialeducationlawyernj.com/special-education-law/landmark-cases-in-special-education-law/ -
No Child Left Behind Act
The No Child Left Behind Act focused on improving the educational outcomes of students in the groups of ESL, Special Education, poor and minority children. The law required schools to test students in math and ready from 3-8th grade and once in high school.
https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/no-child-left-behind-an-overview/2015/04 -
Every Student Succeeds Act in 2015
Every Student Succeeds Act in 2015 replaced the No Child Left Behind Act. Both acts are similar however one major difference is the law moved accountability from the federal level to the state.
https://www.everystudentsucceedsact.org/