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Supreme Court case that established that it was unlawful to discriminate against a set of people. " Much of the contemporary litigation and legislation affecting special education is legally, as well as morally, grounded in the percents established by brown" ( Gargui & Bouck, 2021, p. 40).
Reference: Gargui, R.M., & Bouck, E.C. (2021). Special Education in Contemporary Society: An Introduction to Exceptionality. (7th ed.). Sage Publications, Inc. -
Court case that solidified that "state must guarantee a free public education to all children with intellectual disability ages 6-21 regardless of degree of impairment" (Gargui & Bouck, 2021, p.41). This really changed the game as it allowed students access to necessary tools.
Resource: Gargui, R.M., & Bouck, E.C. (2021). Special Education in Contemporary Society: An Introduction to Exceptionality. (7th ed.). Sage Publications, Inc. -
Built off of the Pennsylvania verdict, it sought to broaden the scope to "include all students with disabilities" (Gargui & Bouck, 2021, p. 41). Established that all children should be given a free education, including extra necessities that they may need to succeed in school.
Resource: Gargui, R.M., & Bouck, E.C. (2021). Special Education in Contemporary Society: An Introduction to Exceptionality. (7th ed.). Sage Publications, Inc. -
Public law that is seen as a " Bill of Rights for children with exceptionalities (Gargui & Bouck, 2021, p. 43). Its goals are to provide free education that helps students with special needs, to help the state in doing so, and to analyze the "effectiveness of efforts to educate handicapped children"(Gargui & Bouck, 2021, p. 43):
Resource: Gargui, R.M., & Bouck, E.C. (2021). Special Education in Contemporary Society: An Introduction to Exceptionality. (7th ed.). Sage Publications, Inc. -
This law "forbids discrimination against persons with disabilities in both the public and private sector" (Gargui & Bouck, 2021, p. 51). It also branches out to individuals with illnesses such as AIDS and people with physical disfigurations.
Resource: Gargui, R.M., & Bouck, E.C. (2021). Special Education in Contemporary Society: An Introduction to Exceptionality. (7th ed.). Sage Publications, Inc. -
This Act set out to reform and improve education by stating that "all pupils, including those in special education, are expected to demonstrate proficiency in mathematics, reading, and science"(Gargui & Bouck, 2021, p. 46). This law focuses on educational accomplishments above all else, stressing the need for improvement.
Resource: Gargui, R.M., & Bouck, E.C. (2021). Special Education in Contemporary Society: An Introduction to Exceptionality. (7th ed.). Sage Publications, Inc. -
This law set out to reauthorize IDEA while improving different areas of it at the same time. It shifted the focus from supplying students with special needs with additional necessary tools to " improving the educational performance of students with disabilities" (Gargui & Bouck, 2021, p. 47).
Resource: Gargui, R.M., & Bouck, E.C. (2021). Special Education in Contemporary Society: An Introduction to Exceptionality. (7th ed.). Sage Publications, Inc. -
This court case established who shoulders the burden of proof in a hearing, the parents or the school district. It also dealt with who had to prove the IEP was inappropriate or appropriate, depending on the claims.The court concluded "that the burden of proof is placed upon the party seeking relief" (Gargui & Bouck, 2021, p.42).
Reference:Gargui, R.M., & Bouck, E.C. (2021). Special Education in Contemporary Society: An Introduction to Exceptionality. (7th ed.). Sage Publications, Inc. -
This law set out to improve the No Child Left Behind Act by improving some of its major issues. One main point is that it helped students with disabilities by ensuring access to " accommodations on assessments" (Gargui & Bouck, 2021, p.48).
Resource: Gargui, R.M., & Bouck, E.C. (2021). Special Education in Contemporary Society: An Introduction to Exceptionality. (7th ed.). Sage Publications, Inc. -
This case and its ruling illustrated that individualized education programs must give more than the minimum when it came to educational benefits. Furthermore, it states, " IEP must be appropriately ambitious in light of a pupil's circumstances" (Gargui & Bouck, 2021, p. 42).
Resource: Gargui, R.M., & Bouck, E.C. (2021). Special Education in Contemporary Society: An Introduction to Exceptionality. (7th ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.