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In the depths of the Depression, a fight breaks out between white and black young men who are riding as hoboes on a Southern Railroad freight train. The train is stopped by an angry posse in Paint Rock, Alabama, and nine black youths are arrested for assault. Rape charges are added, following accusations from two white women who have also come off the train, Victoria Price and Ruby Bates. The accused are taken to Scottsboro, Alabama, the Jackson County seat.
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A grand jury indicts all nine "Scottsboro Boys."
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Before Judge A. E. Hawkins, Clarence Norris and Charlie Weems are tried, convicted, and sentenced to death.
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Haywood Patterson is tried, convicted, and sentenced to death.
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Olen Montgomery, Ozie Powell, Willie Roberson, Eugene Williams, and Andy Wright are tried, convicted, and sentenced to death.
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The case against Roy Wright, aged 13, ends in a hung jury when 11 jurors seek a death sentence, and one votes for life imprisonment.
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The executions of the defendants are stayed pending appeal to the Alabama Supreme Court.
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A letter from Ruby Bates to a boyfriend surfaces; in it, she denies having been raped.
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The Alabama Supreme Court, voting 6-1, upholds the convictions of seven of the defendants, granting Eugene Williams a new trial because he was a juvenile at the time of his conviction.
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The United States Supreme Court agrees to hear the case.
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In Powell v. Alabama, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that the defendants were denied the right to counsel, which violated their right to due process under the Fourteenth Amendment. The cases are remanded to the lower court.
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Haywood Patterson's second trial begins, this time in Decatur, Alabama, before Judge James Horton.
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Ruby Bates appears as a surprise witness for the defense, denying that any rape occurred and testifying that she was with Victoria Price for the whole train ride. Her assertion that she and Price were with boyfriends the night before explains the presence of semen in their vaginas. On the stand, Dr. Bridges admits that the sperm found in his examination were non-motile, and indicates that Victoria Price showed few physical signs of having been forcibly raped by six men, as she claimed.
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Patterson is found guilty and sentenced to death by electric chair.
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Judge Horton sets the sentence of death for Patterson, and then suspends it on a motion for a new trial. Then, the judge postpones the trials of the other defendants because tensions in town are running too high to expect a "just and impartial verdict."
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Judge Horton sets aside Patterson's conviction and grants a new trial.
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The cases are removed from Judge Horton's court into Judge William Callahan's court.
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The trials of Patterson and Norris end in death sentences for both. Judge Callahan's bias might be exemplified by his omissions: he forgets to explain to Patterson's jury how to render a not guilty verdict (Leibowitz reminds him before the jury goes out) and neglects to ask the mercy of God upon Norris's soul.
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Seven of the defendants appear in Callahan's court. The youngest two, Roy Wright and Eugene Williams, have been transferred to a Juvenile Court.
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Judge Horton is defeated in his bid for re-election.
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The Alabama Supreme Court unanimously denies the defense motion for new trials. Leibowitz had argued that qualified blacks were systematically kept off jury rolls, and the names that were currently in the rolls had been forged after the fact.
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Nashville police arrest two lawyers associated with the I.L.D. for allegedly intending to bribe Victoria Price with $1,500 to change her testimony. The lawyers were never convicted.
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Samuel Leibowitz makes his first appearance before the Supreme Court of the United States. He describes the absence of blacks in Jackson County juries and presents the justices with the jury rolls with forged names. The justices use magnifying glasses to determine the overlay of inks on the page.
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In Norris v. Alabama, the United States Supreme Court finds the exclusion of blacks on jury rolls deprived black defendants of their rights to equal protection under the law as guaranteed in the Fourteenth Amendment. The case is overturned and remanded to a lower court. Patterson's case is not argued before the court because of technicalities in filing dates; however, the court strongly suggests the lower courts review his case "in light of the situation which has now developed."
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Because of the prevailing sentiments in Alabama, both Leibowitz and the I.L.D. are considered liabilities to the defendants and the defense is reorganized. The Scottsboro Defense Committee (SDC) is formed with Allan Knight Chalmers as chairman, and a local attorney, Clarence Watts, is named co-counsel.
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Patterson is found guilty and sentenced to 75 years in prison. The sentence is a compromise between the foreman, who thought the defendant innocent, and the rest of the jury.
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While being transported back to Birmingham Jail, Ozie Powell pulls a knife and slashes Deputy Edgar Blalock's throat. Sheriff Jay Sandlin stops the car and shoots Powell in the head. Both Blalock and Powell survive.
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Prosecuting attorney Lieutenant Governor Thomas Knight meets Leibowitz in New York to negotiate a compromise.
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Thomas Knight dies.
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The Alabama Supreme Court upholds Patterson's conviction.
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The third trial of Clarence Norris ends in a death sentence. Pressure from his community, and his defeat in this case, causes Watts to fall ill, leaving Leibowitz to lead the defense.
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The trial of Andy Wright ends in conviction and a sentence of 99 years.
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The trial of Charley Weems ends in conviction and a sentence of 75 years.
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Ozie Powell pleads guilty to assaulting Blalock and is sentenced to 20 years. Rape charges are dropped.
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Rape charges against the last four defendants, Olen Montgomery, Willie Roberson, Eugene Williams, and Roy Wright, are dropped.
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The U.S. Supreme Court declines to hear the appeal of Haywood Patterson.
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Alabama Governor Bibb Graves meets with Allan Knight Chalmers to discuss granting clemency to the five convicted Scottsboro defendants.
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The Alabama Supreme Court affirms the sentences given Norris, Andy Wright and Weems.
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Governor Graves commutes Norris's death sentence to life imprisonment.
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An Alabama parole board recommends a denial of parole for Patterson and Powell.
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Governor Graves meets with the convicted Scottsboro defendants in his office to consider parole.
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Governor Graves denies the pardon applications of all five Scottsboro defendants.
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Weems is released on parole.
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Andy Wright and Clarence Norris are released on parole.
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Wright and Norris leave Alabama, in violation of their parole. Chalmers persuades them to return to the South and, despite promises to be lenient, both are returned to jail, Norris in October 1944, Wright in October 1946.
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Ozie Powell is released on parole.
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Clarence Norris is paroled again.
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Haywood Patterson escapes from prison.
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Andy Wright is paroled. He finds a job in Albany, New York.
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Patterson is arrested by the FBI in Detroit; Michigan Governor G. Mennen Williams refuses to sign the extradition papers to return him to Alabama. Alabama abandons attempts to return him to prison.
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Patterson is convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to 6 to 15 years.
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Patterson is charged with murder after a barroom brawl.
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Patterson dies of cancer.
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Roy Wright dies.
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Clarence Norris is pardoned by Alabama Governor George Wallace.
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Victoria Price files a lawsuit against NBC for defamation and invasion of privacy after the broadcast of Judge Horton and the Scottsboro Boys; her claim is dismissed.
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Clarence Norris, the last of the Scottsboro Boys, dies.