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Botanist Carl Linnaeus publishes the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, which is the first to fully describe the four races of man.
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Dutch naturalist Petrus Camper begins developing his facial angle formula basing his ideal angle on Grecian statues and 25 year later Anthropologist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach names the five races of man.
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Franz Joseph Gall develops “cranioscopy,” which is later renamed phrenology by his disciple Johann Spurzheim cranioscopy is a technique to infer localization of function in the brain on the basis of the external anatomy of the skull or cranium.
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American physician James W. Redfield writes Comparative Physiognomy, which equates each type of people with a specific animal.
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Herbert Spencer coins the phrase “survival of the fittest” in developing his theories of social Darwinism. one year later a French anthropologist Paul Broca develops his “table chromatique” for classifying skin color.
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Richard Dugdale publishes The Jukes, which links crime and heredity.
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Alfred Binet invents the IQ test for measuring intelligence
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Crowds came to the monkey house exhibit, which opened in 1906, to see man's "evolutionary ancestors," which included monkeys, chimpanzees, a gorilla named Dinah, an orangutan named Dohung and the pygmy Ota Benga.
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Franz Boas publishes The Mind of Primitive Man arguing for the role of environmental factors in the apparent differences between races.
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The Carnegie Institution of Washington orders an external scientific review of the ERO, and finds its records “unsatisfactory for the scientific study of human genetics.”
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The Carnegie Institution of Washington orders an external scientific review of the ERO, and finds its records “unsatisfactory for the scientific study of human genetics.”
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The American Anthropological Association issues a statement on race, concluding that contemporary science makes clear that human populations are not “unambiguous, clearly demarcated, biologically distinct groups.”
