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Nicholas was neither trained nor inclined to rule, which did not help the autocracy he sought to preserve in an era desperate for change.
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The fifty-seven delegates to the Second Congress of the minuscule, quarrelsome and apparently ineffectual Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party assembled in a flea-ridden flour warehouse in Brussels on July 30th, 1903. Georgi Plekhanov, the respected veteran Russian Marxist, was elected chairman, but the delegates felt uneasy in Belgium and moved to London, where the authorities could be relied on to ignore them.
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The first great war of the 20th century that grew out of rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea.
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losing a war against Japan in the Far East, czarist Russia is wracked with internal discontent that finally explodes into violence in St. Petersburg in what will become known as the Bloody Sunday Massacre
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The theory of relativity, or simply relativity in physics, usually encompasses two theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity.
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He was appointed to serve as Provisional President of the Republic of China, when it was founded in 1912.
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a network of railways connecting Moscow with the Russian Far East and the Sea of Japan.
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The Russian Revolution is the collective term for a series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Russian SFSR
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In 1917, two revolutions swept through Russia, ending centuries of imperial rule and setting in motion political and social changes that would lead to the formation of the Soviet Union.
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Czar Nicholas II, ruler of Russia since 1894, is forced to abdicate the throne by the Petrograd insurgents, and a provincial government is installed in his place.
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The Bolsheviks and their allies occupied government buildings and other strategic locations in the Russian capital of Petrograd and within two days had formed a new government with Lenin as its head.
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The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war in the former Russian Empire fought between the Bolshevik Red Army and the White Army, the loosely allied anti-Bolshevik forces.
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The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers which ended Russia's participation in World War I.
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A national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11 August of that same year.
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The complete nationalization of industry, established during the period of War Communism, was partially revoked and a system of mixed economy was introduced, which allowed private individuals to own small enterprises,[1] while the state continued to control banks, foreign trade, and large industries
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He ruled constitutionally until 1925, when he dropped all pretense of democracy and set up a legal dictatorship.
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He is the founder and the guiding spirit of the Soviet Republics - a communist philosopher, ardent disciple of Karl Marx, leader of the Bolshevik Party and the mastermind of the 1917 October Revolution
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Dawes Plan was an attempt in 1924 to solve the reparations problem, which had bedeviled international politics
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He served as Chairman of the National Military Council of the Nationalist government of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1928 to 1948.
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Mein Kampf is an autobiographical manifesto by Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, in which he outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany.
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Hirohito, original name Michinomiya Hirohito, posthumous name Shōwa (born April 29, 1901, Tokyo, Japan—died January 7, 1989, Tokyo), emperor of Japan from 1926 until his death in 1989. He
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Mao had carefully cultivated support in the areas he controlled, whereas, the Guomintang, lead by Chiang Kai-shek, had a different view on how China should be ruled.
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Charles Lindbergh's landed his Spirit of St. Lewis of Paris, completing the first solo airplane flight across the Atlantic Ocean.
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The First Five-Year Plan of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a list of economic goals, created by General Secretary Joseph Stalin and based off his policy of Socialism in One Country.
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Sponsored by France and the U.S., the Pact renounced the use of war and called for the peaceful settlement of disputes.
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Stock Market Crash of 1929, began in late October 1929 and was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, when taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its fallout
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The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in 1930 and lasted until the late 1930s or middle 1940s.
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The Japanese invasion of Manchuria began on September 19, 1931, when the Kwantung Army of the Empire of Japan invaded Manchuria immediately following the Mukden Incident.
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Thee mass murder or genocide of approximately six million Jews during World War II, a programme of systematic state-sponsored murder by Nazi Germany, led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, throughout the German Reich and German-occupied territories.
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President Paul von Hindenburg names Adolf Hitler, leader or fÜhrer of the National Socialist German Workers Party (or Nazi Party), as chancellor of Germany.
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FDR was the thirty second president
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The New Deal was a series of domestic programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1938; which involved laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
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A military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Communist Party of China, the forerunner of the People's Liberation Army, to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang army.
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They were spurred by the growth in isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I, and sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts.
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Hitler defies the treaty of Versailles by building up his army and taking back rhineland.
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Nazi leader Adolf Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno Pact by sending German military forces into the Rhineland, a demilitarized zone along the Rhine River in western Germany.
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The Great Purge was a campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin from 1934 to 1939.
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It started in the Canary Islands, where Franco was governor and spread to Morocco where he had made many contacts in the 17 years he was based there.
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They described their goals as breaking the hegemony of plutocratic-capitalist Western powers and defending civilization from communism.
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An episode of mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against Nanking (current official spelling: Nanjing) during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
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Austria was annexed into the German Third Reich on 12 March 1938;There had been several years of pressure by supporters in both Austria and Germany for the "Heim ins Reich" movement.
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The Munich Agreement was a settlement permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the country's borders mainly inhabited by German speakers, for which a new territorial designation "Sudetenland" was coined.
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At least 91 Jews were killed in the attacks, and 30,000 were arrested and incarcerated in concentration camps
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The Manhattan Project was a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II; Which was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada.
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Representatives from Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union met and signed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, which guaranteed that the two countries would not attack each other
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World War II begins as the Germans invade Poland with a three-front Blitzkrieg; while attacking the polish with overwhem=lming force of 1.5 million troops backed by aircraft.
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the period of time in World War Two from September 1939 to April 1940 when, after the blitzkrieg attack on Poland in September 1939, seemingly nothing happened. Many in Great Britain expected a major calamity – but the title ‘Phoney War’ summarises what happened in Western Europe – near enough nothing.
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a network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II.
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He was called to replace Neville Chamberlain as British prime minister following the latter's resignation after losing a confidence vote in the House of Commons.
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The evacuation of Allied soldiers from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, France.
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The newly formed French State maintained nominal sovereignty over the whole of French territory as defined by the Second Armistice at Compiègne.
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The Battle of Britain was the first major campaign to be fought entirely by air forces, and was also the largest and most sustained aerial bombing campaign to that date.
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The Tripartite Pact, also the Three-Power Pact, Axis Pact, Three-way Pact or Tripartite Treaty was a pact signed in Berlin, Germany on September 27, 1940, which established the Axis Powers of World War II.
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A program under which the United States supplied Great Britain, the USSR, Republic of China, Free France, and other Allied nations with materiel.
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Over the course of the operation, about four million soldiers of the Axis powers invaded the USSR along a 2,900 km front, the largest invasion in the history of warfare
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During World War II the United States and Great Britain issued a joint declaration in that set out a vision for the postwar world
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Hundreds of Japanese fighter planes attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor near Honolulu, Hawaii.
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the United States Congress declared war upon the Empire of Japan in response to that country's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the prior day.
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It was built to exterminate Jews of the Łódź Ghetto and the local Polish inhabitants of Reichsgau Wartheland
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The decision was made to invade North Africa in 1942, to send American bombers to bases in England, and for the British to strengthen their forces in the Pacific.
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The Final Solution was Nazi Germany's plan during World War II to systematically exterminate the Jewish people in Nazi-occupied Europe, which resulted in the most deadly phase of the Holocaust, the destruction of Jewish communities in continental Europe.
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Approximately 2,500–10,000 Filipino and 100–650 American prisoners of war died before they could reach their destination at Camp O'Donnell.
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It was conceived as a diversion that would also boost American and allied morale, the raid generated strategic benefits that far outweighed its limited goals
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A major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and naval and air forces from the United States and Australia.
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the United States Navy decisively defeated an attack by the Imperial Japanese Navy on Midway Atoll, inflicting irreparable damage on the Japanese fleet
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There were two battles of El Alamein in World War II, both fought in 1942 and The Battles occurred in North Africa in Egypt in and around an area named after a railway stop called El Alamein
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It was the first major offensive by Allied forces against the Empire of Japan.
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The Battle of Stalingrad was a major battle of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in the southwestern Soviet Union.
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the British-American invasion of French North Africa during the North African Campaign of the Second World War which started on 8 November 1942.
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The conference addressed the specifics of tactical procedure, allocation of resources and the broader issues of diplomatic policy.
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The Allies begin their invasion of Axis-controlled Europe with landings on the island of Sicily, off mainland Italy.
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The Tehran Conference was a strategy meeting held between Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill.
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Operation Overlord[7] was the code name for the Battle of Normandy, the operation that launched the invasion of German-occupied western Europe during World War II by Allied forces.
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After advancing island by island across the Pacific Ocean, U.S. General Douglas MacArthur wades ashore onto the Philippine island of Leyte, fulfilling his promise to return to the area he was forced to flee in 1942.
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On this day in 1944, during the Battle of the Leyte Gulf, the Japanese deploy kamikaze suicide bombers against American warships for the first time.
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The Battle of the Bulge was a major German offensive campaign launched through the densely forested Ardennes region of Wallonia in Belgium, France and Luxembourg on the Western Front toward the end of World War II in Europe.
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The World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Premier Joseph Stalin, respectively, for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization.
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Or Operation Detachment, was a major battle in which the United States Armed Forces fought for and captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Japanese Empire.
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The Battle of Okinawa, codenamed Operation Iceberg, was fought on the Ryukyu Islands of Okinawa and was the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific War of World War II.
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He was summarily executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans,and then his body was then taken to Milan where it was hung upside down at a service station for public viewing
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Adolf Hitler committed suicide by gunshot on 30 April 1945 in his Führerbunker in Berlin
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On this day in 1945, the German High Command, in the person of General Alfred Jodl, signs the unconditional surrender of all German forces, East and West, at Reims, in northwestern France.
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German General Jodl signed the unconditional surrender document that formally ended war in Europe.
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In this, the last of the World War II heads of state conferences, President Truman, Soviet Premier Stalin and British Prime Ministers Churchill and Atlee discussed post-war arrangements in Europe, frequently without agreement.
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The United States becomes the first and only nation to use atomic weaponry during wartime when it drops an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima
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On this day in 1945, a second atom bomb is dropped on Japan by the United States, at Nagasaki, resulting finally in Japan's unconditional surrender
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It was announced that Japan had surrendered unconditionally to the Allies, effectively ending World War II.
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The Allied naval blockade of Japan and intensive bombing of Japanese cities had left the country and its economy devastated.
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The Nuremberg Trials were a series of military tribunals, held by the Allied forces after World War II, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of Nazi Germany.
